Method and apparatus for the electronic storage and retrieval of expressions and linguistic information

• US 4,724,523 A
• Filed: 07/01/1985
• Issued: 02/09/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 07/01/1985
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Vantage Technology Holdings LLC
• Original Assignee: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co. (Private Equity))
• Inventors: Kucera, Henry
• Primary Examiner(s): Smith, Jerry
• Assistant Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/750,911
• Time in Patent Office: 953 Days
• Field of Search: 364/419, 364/200 MS File, 364/900 MS File
• US Class Current: 715/206
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 16/374 Thesaurus
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/253 Grammatical analysis; Style critique

Abstract

The invention relates to a system for storing, retrieving, and processing linguistic information. In one aspect, the invention provides a system for storing linguistic expressions, which system includes a main dictionary storage section and three coding sections, one for each of regular paradigm information, partially irregular paradigm information, and fully irregular paradigm information. In another aspect, the invention provides a system for evaluating linguistic expressions, e.g., words, and determining their grammatical and inflectional information. The invention has applicability in the field of word processing.

Claims

1. An apparatus for the electronic storage of linguistic expressions, said apparatus comprising

A. main dictionary means for storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression, said expression being at least one of a base form of a regular paradigm, a base form of a partially irregular paradigm, an exceptional inflected form of a partially irregular paradigm, and an element of a fully irregular paradigm, and

B. means for storing linguistic information corresponding to at least one said stored entry and comprising at least one of

(i) a first coding means for storing a first linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored regular paradigm base form-reprepresentative entry,

(ii) a second coding means for storing an addressable second linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored partially irregular paradigm base form-representative entry, and

3. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which said first coding means comprises paradigm coding means for storing any one of a signal representative of a nominal paradigm, a signal representative of a verbal paradigm, and a signal indicative of an address of a second linguistic information pattern.

7. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one of a partial verbal paradigm and a partial nominal paradigm.

17. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which said third coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one addressable other elemental expression of a paradigm of which said corresponding stored entry is an element.

21. An apparatus according to claim 1, the further improvement whereby said main dictionary means includes any one of the following dictionary sections:

(i) a first dictionary section storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length less than nine,

(ii) a second dictionary section storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length greater than or equal to nine and not more than sixteen,

(iii) a third dictionary section storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length greater than or equal to sixteen,

(iv) a fourth dictionary section storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a capitalized initial letter.

23. An apparatus according to claim 1 in which said main dictionary further comprises means for storing a signal representative of a linguistic interrelationship between at least two said stored entries.

25. An apparatus according to claim 23 in which said interrelationship-representative signal storage means comprises means for storing a signal representative of synonymy.

27. An apparatus according to claim 25 in which said grammatical-inflection classification determining means includes means for determining a base form of said input expression.

2. (iii) a third coding means for storing an addressable third linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored fully irregular paradigm element-representative entry.

4. An apparatus according to claim 2 in which said paradigm coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of a verbal suffix pattern.

5. An apparatus according to claim 2 in which said paradigm coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of a nominal suffix pattern.

6. An apparatus according to claim 2 in which said first coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of a grammatical classification being at least one of a nominal grammatical classification and a verbal grammatical classification.

8. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said partial paradigm storage means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one of a verbal third-person singular inflection and a verbal present participle inflection.

9. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said partial inflectional paradigm storage means comprises means for storing a signal representative of a nominal suffix pattern.

10. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of at least one of a verbal grammatical classification and a nominal grammatical classification.

11. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said partial paradigm storage means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of said corresponding stored entry being at least one of a verbal past tense inflectional form and a verbal past participle inflectional form.

12. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said corresponding stored entry.

13. An apparatus according to claim 6 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of an exceptional inflectional form expression corresponding to at least one said partial paradigm-representative signal.

14. An apparatus according to claim 12 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of at least one of a grammatical classification and an inflectional classification.

15. An apparatus according to claim 12 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one of a nominal suffix pattern and a verbal suffix pattern.

16. An apparatus according to claim 12 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said corresponding partial paradigm-representative signal.

18. An apparatus according to claim 16 in which said third coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of at least one of a grammatical nominal classification and a grammatical verbal classification.

19. An apparatus according to claim 16 in which said third coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of an inflectional classification of said corresponding stored entry

20. An apparatus according to claim 16 in which said third coding means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said other elemental expression which is a base form element.

22. An apparatus according to claim 20 in which said at least one stored entry of at least one of said dictionary section store is bit-wise compressed.

24. An apparatus according to claim 22 in which said interrelationship-representative signal storage means comprises means for storing a signal indicative of an addressable section of an interrelationship table, said table comprising means for storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one linguistically related stored entry.

26. An apparatus for processing signals representative of linguistic expressions, said apparatus comprising

A. means for entering a signal representative of an input expression,

B. means for determining a grammatical classification and an inflectional classification of said input expression,

C. means for outputting a signal representative of said classification determination, and

D. means for generating a signal representative of an expression linguistically related to said input expression, said related expression signal-generating means including inflect means for generating a signal representative of an expression of like grammatical and inflectional classification to said input expression.

28. An apparatus according to claim 26 in which said base form-determining means includes means for determining a suffix of said input expression.

30. An apparatus according to claim 28 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one of a partial verbal paradigm and a partial nominal paradigm.

32. An apparatus according to claim 28 in which said third coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of at least one addressable other elemental expression of a paradigm of which said corresponding stored entry is an element.

29. An apparatus for processing signals representative of linguistic expressions, said aparatus comprising

A. means for entering a signal representative of an input expression,

B. means for determining a grammatical classification and an inflectional classification of said input expression,

C. means for outputting a signal representative of said classification determination,

D. said grammatical-inflection classification determining means comprising

main dictionary means for storing at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression, said expression being at least one of a base form of a regular paradigm, a base form of a partially irregular paradigm, an exceptional inflected form of a partially irregular paradigm, and an element of a fully irregular paradigm, and

means for storing linguistic information corresponding to at least one said stored entry and comprising at least one of

(i) a first coding means for storing a first linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored regular paradigm base form-representative entry,

(ii) a second coding means for storing an addressable second linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored partially irregular paradigm base form-representative entry, and

(iii) a third coding means for storing an addressable third linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored fully irregular paradigm element-representative entry.

31. An apparatus according to claim 29 in which said second coding means comprises means for storing a signal representative of an exceptional inflectional form expression corresponding to at least one said partial paradigm-representative signal.

33. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and of plural, possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression suffix "ies'"'"'", if said related expression is of a first nominal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es'"'"'", if said related expression is of a second nominal class,

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s'"'"'", if said related expression is of a third nominal class, and

(iv) generating a signal indicative of a stored paradigm element-representative expression, if said related expression corresponds to a partially irregular paradigm not of any of said first, second, or third nominal classes.

34. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and a singular, possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "'"'"'s", if said related expression is of said first nominal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es'"'"'", if said related expression is of said second nominal class, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "'"'"'s", if said related expression is of said third nominal class.

35. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and a plural, non-possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ies", if said related expression is of said first nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of said second nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of to said third nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(iv) generating a signal representative of a stored paradigm element-representative signal, if said related expression corresponds to a partially irregular paradigm,

(v) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of said second nominal class and of a fully irregular paradigm, and

(vi) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of a fully irregular paradigm and not of said second selected nominal class.

36. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of third-person singular inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ies", if said related expression is of a first selected verbal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of a second selected verbal class, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of neither said first verbal class nor said second verbal class.

37. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of present participle inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a doubled stem-final consonant and a suffix "ing", for selected related expressions, and

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ing", for other said selected related expressions.

38. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means further comprises means responsive to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of infinitive inflectional class for generating a signal representative of a base form of said related expression.

39. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which said inflect means comprises means responsive to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and being of either past participle inflectional class or past tense inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ied", if said related expression is of said first verbal class and corresponds to a base form expression ending with the character "y",

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a doubled stem-final consonant and a suffix "ed", if said related expression corresponds to a base form expression requiring a doubled final consonant, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ed", for other said related expressions.

41. A method according to claim 39 in which said first pattern storing step comprises storing any one of a signal representative of a nominal paradigm, a signal representative of a verbal paradigm, and a signal indicative of an address of a second linguistic information pattern.

45. A method according to claim 41 in which said second pattern storing step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one of a partial verbal paradigm and a partial nominal paradigm.

55. A method according to claim 39 in which said third pattern storing step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one addressable other elemental expression of a paradigm of which said corresponding stored entry is an element.

59. A method according to claim 39, in which said main dictionary storing step comprises at least one of

(i) storing a first dictionary section comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length less than nine,

(ii) storing a second dictionary section comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length greater than nine and not more than sixteen,

(iii) storing a third dictionary section comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a character length greater than sixteen,

(iv) storing a fourth dictionary section comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression having a capitalized initial letter.

61. A method according to claim 39 in which said main dictionary storing step further comprises storing a signal representative of a linguistic interrelationship between at least two said stored entries.

40. A method for the electronic storage of linguistic expressions, said method comprising the steps of

A. storing a main dictionary comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression, said expression being at least one of a base form of a regular paradigm, a base form of a partially irregular paradigm, an exceptional inflected form of a partially irregular paradigm, and an element of a fully irregular paradigm, and

B. storing linguistic information corresponding to at least one said stored entry and comprising at least one of the steps of

(i) storing a first linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored regular paradigm base form-reprepresentative entry,

(ii) storing an addressable second linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored partially irregular paradigm base form-representative entry, and

(iii) storing an addressable third linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored fully irregular paradigm element-representative entry.

42. A method according to claim 40 in which said first pattern storing step comprises storing a signal representative of a verbal suffix pattern.

43. A method according to claim 40 in which said first pattern storing step comprises storing a signal representative of a nominal suffix pattern.

44. A method according to claim 40 in which said first pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of a grammatical classification being at least one of a nominal grammatical classification and a verbal grammatical classification.

46. A method according to claim 44 in which said partial paradigm storing step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one of a verbal third-person singular inflection and a verbal present participle inflection.

47. A method according to claim 44 in which said partial paradigm storing step comprises storing a signal representative of a nominal suffix pattern.

48. A method according to claim 44 in which said second pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of at least one of a verbal grammatical classification and a nominal grammatical classification.

49. A method according to claim 44 in which said partial paradigm storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of said corresponding stored entry being at least one of a verbal past tense inflectional form and a verbal past participle inflectional form.

50. A method according to claim 44 in which said second pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said corresponding stored entry.

51. A method according to claim 44 in which said second pattern storing step comprises storing a signal representative of an exceptional inflectional form expression corresponding to at least one said partial paradigm-representative signal.

52. A method according to claim 50 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of at least one of a grammatical classification and an inflectional classification.

53. A method according to claim 50 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one of a nominal suffix pattern and a verbal suffix pattern.

54. A method according to claim 50 in which said exceptional inflectional expression-representative signal storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said corresponding partial paradigm-representative signal.

56. A method according to claim 54 in which said third pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of at least one of a grammatical nominal classification and a grammatical verbal classification.

57. A method according to claim 54 in which said third pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of an inflectional classification of said corresponding stored entry.

58. A method according to claim 54 in which said third pattern storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of an address of at least one said other elemental expression which is a base form element.

60. A method according to claim 58 in which at least one said dictionary section storing step comprises storing at least one said entry in a bit-wise compressed form.

62. A method according to claim 60 in which said interrelationship-representative signal storing step comprises storing a signal indicative of an addressable section of an interrelationship table, said table comprising at least one signal indicative of an address of at least one linguistically related stored entry.

63. A method according to clam 61 in which said interrelationship-representative signal storing step comprises storing a signal representative of synonymy.

65. A method according to claim 63 in which said grammatical-inflection classification determining step includes determining a base form of said input expression.

64. A method for processing signals representative of linguistic expressions, comprising the steps of

A. receiving a signal representative of an input expression,

B. determining a grammatical and an inflectional classification of said input expression, and

C. outputting a signal indication of said classification-representative,

D. generating a signal representative of an expression linguistically related to said input expression,

said related expression signal-generating step including an inflecting step for generating a signal representative of an expression of like grammatical and inflectional classification to said input expression.

66. A method according to claim 64 in which said base form-determining step includes determining a suffix of said input expression.

68. A method according to claim 66 which said second coding step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one of a partial verbal paradigm and a partial nominal paradigm.

70. A method according to claim 66 in which said third coding step comprises storing a signal representative of at least one addressable other elemental expression of a paradigm of which said corresponding stored entry is an element.

67. A method for processing signals representative of linguistic expressions, comprising the steps of

A. receiving a signal representative of an input expression,

B. determining a grammatical and an inflectional classification of said input expression,

C. outputting a signal indication of said classification-representative,

D. said grammatical-inflecton classification determining step comprising the steps of

storing a main dictionary comprising at least one addressable entry representative of a linguistic expression, said expression being at least one of a base form of a regular paradigm, a base form of a partially irregular paradigm, an exceptional inflected form of a partially irregular paradigm, and an element of a fully irregular paradigm, and

storing linguistic information corresponding to at least one said stored entry and comprising at least one of the steps of

(i) storing a first linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored regular paradigm base form-representative entry,

(ii) storing an addressable second linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored partially irregular paradigm base form-representative entry, and

(iii) storing an addressable third linguistic information pattern corresponding to at least one said stored fully irregular paradigm element-representative entry.

69. A method according to claim 67 in which said second coding step comprises storing a signal representative of an exceptional inflectional form expression corresponding to at least one said partial paradigm-representative signal.

71. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and of plural, possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative or an expression having a suffix "ies'"'"'", if said related expression is of a first nominal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es'"'"'", if said related expression is of a second nominal class,

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s'"'"'", if said related expression is of a third nominal class, and

(iv) generating a signal indicative of a stored paradigm element-representative expression, if said related expression corresponds to a partially irregular paradigm not of any of said first, second, or third nominal classes.

72. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and a singular, possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative or an expresion having a suffix "'"'"'s", if said related expression is of said first nominal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es'"'"'", if said related expression is of said second nominal class, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "'"'"'s", if said related expression is of said third nominal class.

73. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of nominal grammatical class and a plural, non-possessive inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ies", if said related expression is of said first nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of said second nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of to said third nominal class and of a regular paradigm,

(iv) generating a signal representative of a stored paradigm element-representative signal, if said related expression corresponds to a partially irregular paradigm,

(v) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of said second nominal class and of a fully irregular paradigm, and

(vi) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of a fully irregular paradigm and not of said second selected nominal class.

74. a method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of third-person singular inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ies", if said related expression is of a first selected verbal class,

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "es", if said related expression is of a second selected verbal class, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "s", if said related expression is of neither said first verbal class nor said second verbal class.

75. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of present participle inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a doubled stem-final consonant and a suffix "ing", for selected related expressions, and

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ing", for other said selected related expressions.

76. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step further comprises responding to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and of infinitive inflectional class for generating a signal representative of a base form of said related expression.

77. A method according to claim 69 in which said inflecting step comprises responding to said input expression being of verbal grammatical class and being of either past participle inflectional class or past tense inflectional class for

(i) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ied", if said related expression is of said first verbal class and corresponds to a base form expression ending with the character "y",

(ii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a doubled stem-final consonant and a suffix "ed", if said related expression corresponds to a base form expression requiring a doubled final consonant, and

(iii) generating a signal representative of an expression having a suffix "ed", for other said related expressions.