Fuel cell generator containing self-supporting high gas flow solid oxide electrolyte fuel cells

• US 4,728,584 A
• Filed: 10/21/1986
• Issued: 03/01/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 10/21/1986
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Paramount Global (f/k/a ViacomCBS Inc.))
• Original Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Paramount Global (f/k/a ViacomCBS Inc.))
• Inventors: Isenberg, Arnold O.
• Primary Examiner(s): Skapars, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US06/921,296
• Time in Patent Office: 497 Days
• Field of Search: 429/30, 429/31, 429/32, 429/33, 429/38, 429/40, 429/34, 204/260, 204/265, 204/266
• US Class Current: 429/456
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0625 in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/243 Grouping of unit cells of tubular or cylindrical configuration
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/2457 with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

An axially elongated, electrochemical cell assembly is made, containing a plurality of cell elements each made up of an electronically conductive, porous, inner electrode, an annular, solid electrolyte contacting and surrounding said first electrode, and an annular, electronically conductive, porous, outer electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte, with annular, electronically conductive, interconnection members disposed between and bonded to cell elements, where the inner electrodes of the cell elements are electronically connected through the interconnection member, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements are physically and electronically segmented from each other; where a plurality of such cell assemblies can be connected by a sleeving means and placed in the generating chamber of an electrochemical cell generator, which also has an associated dual gaseous reactant input, at least one combustion product chamber, and a combustion product gas exhaust.

Claims

1. A single electrochemical cell, comprising a plurality of cell segments, the cell segments comprising an annular, electronically conductive, porous, inner electrode;

solid electrolyte contacting and surrounding said inner electrode;

an electronically conductive, porous outer electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte; and

an annular;

electronically conductive, interconnection member disposed between adjacent segments, electronically connecting the inner electrode of one cell segment to the inner electrode of an adjacent cell segment, the outer electrodes being physically and electronically segmented from each other and from the inner electrodes of adjacent cell segments.

2. An electrochemical cell assembly comprising a plurality of cells of claim 1, joined together by an annular sleeving means where the sleeving means joins cell segments containing only electrolyte portions and inner electrode portions, said sleeving means comprising a dense outer portion disposed next to the electrolyte and a porous inner portion disposed next to the porous inner electrode.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, where the inner electrodes are air electrodes and the outer electrodes are fuel electrodes.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, where the electrolyte components are electronically insulating, gas-impermeable solid oxide material and the interconnection member is an oxide doped lanthanum chromite.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4, where the inner electrodes are self-supporting and the outer surface of the annular interconnection members are partly covered with electrolyte.

6. An electrochemical cell assembly configuration comprising a plurality of the cells of claim 1 disposed parallel to each other, where the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of each cell are electronically connected to the outer electrode surfaces of an adjacent cell.

7. The electrochemical cell assembly configuration of claim 6, in a housing, where a first gaseous reactant is flowed into the inside of the inner electrodes to contact the inner electrodes, and a second gaseous reactant is flowed about the outside of the outer electrodes to contact the outer electrodes.

8. An axially elongated, annular, fuel cell assembly, comprising a plurality of cell elements, the cell elements comprising a self-supporting, annular, electronically conductive, porous, inner air electrode;

solid oxide electrolyte contacting and surrounding said air electrode; and

an electronically conductive, porous, outer fuel electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte;

with an annular, electronically conductive, interconnection members disposed between and bonded to the cell elements, wherein the inner air electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are electronically connected through the interconnection member, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are physically and electronically segregated from each other and from the inner electrodes on the same cell assembly.

9. A fuel cell assembly comprising two fuel cell assemblies of claim 8, joined together by an annular sleeving means, where the sleeving means joins cell elements containing only electrolyte portions and inner electrode portions, said sleeving means comprising a dense outer gas impermeable portion disposed next to the electrolyte and a porous inner portion disposed next to the porous air electrode.

10. The fuel cell assembly of claim 8, where the outer surface of the annular interconnection members are partly covered with electrolyte.

11. The fuel cell assembly of claim 8, where the air electrode is a material selected from the group consisting of doped and undoped LaMnO₃, LaNiO₃, LaCoO₃, LaCrO₃, and mixtures thereof, the fuel electrode is a material selected from the group consisting of nickel zirconia cermet and cobalt zirconia cermet, the electrolyte comprises solid yttria stabilized zirconia, and the interconnection member is an oxide doped lanthanum chromite .

12. A fuel cell assembly configuration comprising a plurality of the cell assemblies of claim 8 disposed parallel to each other, where the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of each fuel cell assembly are electronically connected to the outer fuel electrode surfaces of an adjacent cell assembly.

13. The fuel cell assembly configuration of claim 12, in a housing where hot oxidant gas is flowed into the inside of the air electrodes to contact the air electrodes, and hot fuel gas is flowed about the outside of the fuel electrodes to contact the fuel electrodes..

14. A configuration of axially elongated, annular, electrochemical cells comprising one central, axially elongated, electrochemical cell assembly and a plurality of parallel, axially elongated, electrochemical cell assemblies, said electrochemical cell assemblies having a plurality of cell elements, the cell elements comprising an annular, electronically conductive, porous, inner air electrode, an annular, gas-impermeable, solid oxide electronically insulating electrolyte contacting and surrounding said air electrode;

and an annular, electronically conductive, porous, outer fuel electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte;

with an annular, electronically conductive, interconnection member disposed between the cell elements, wherein the inner air electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are electronically connected through the interconnection member, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are physically and electronically segmented from each other and from the inner electrodes on the same cell assembly, where the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of the central elecrochemical cell assembly are connected in series to an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly, such that said outside surfaces of the interconnection members are electronically connected to the outer fuel electrode surfaces of an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly.

15. The configuration of claim 14, where the central electrochemical cell assembly is also connected in

parallel to electrochemical cell assemblies, such that the outside surfaces of the interconnection members of the central electrochemical cell assembly are electronically connected to the outside surfaces of the interconnection members of parallel electrochemical assemblies, and the outside fuel electrode surfaces of the central electrochemical cell assembly are electronically connected to the outside fuel electrode surfaces of parallel electrochemical cell assemblies.

16. An electrochemical cell generator comprising:

(A) a housing means defining a plurality of chambers including a generator chamber and a combustion product chamber;

(B) a porous barrier separating said generator and combustion product chambers;

(C) a plurality of axially elongated, electrochemical cell assemblies disposed within said generator chamber, said electrochemical cell assemblies each comprising a plurality of cell elements, the cell elements comprising an annular electronically conductive, porous, inner electrode;

solid electrolyte contacting and surrounding said first electrode; and

an electronically conductive, porous outer electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte;

with annular, electronically conductive, interconnection members disposed between the cell elements, wherein the inner electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are electronically connected through the interconnection member, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are physically and electronically segmented from each other and from the inner electrodes on the same cell assembly, to provide a plurality of segmented electrochemical lengths;

(D) means for flowing a first gaseous reactant through said annular fuel cells and through said porous barrier into said combustion product chamber;

(E) means for flowing a second gaseous reactant into said generator chamber, about said fuel cells, and through said porous barrier into said combustion product chamber;

(F) means for segregating said first and second gaseous reactants from direct contact with one another prior to entry of each into said combustion product chamber; and

(G) means to exhaust the first and second reactants from the combustion product chamber.

17. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 16, where each electrochemical cell assembly comprises at least two parts, each part joined together by an annular sleeving means, where the sleeving means joins cell elements containing only electrolyte portions and inner electrode portions, said sleeving means comprising a dense outer portion disposed next to the electrolyte and a porous inner portion disposed next to the porous inner electrode, where the inner electrode is an air electrode, the outer electrode is a fuel electrode, the electrolyte is a gas impermeable solid oxide material, and the interconnection is an oxide doped lanthanum chromite.

18. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 16, where the inner electrode is self-supporting and the outer surface of the annular interconnection members are partly covered with electrolyte.

19. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 16 where the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of each electrochemical cell assembly are connected in series to an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly, such that said outside surfaces of the interconnection members are electronically connected to the outer fuel electrode surfaces of an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly.

20. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 16, where the generator chamber is disposed between two combustion product chambers with a porous barrier separating each combustion product chamber from the generator chamber, where the first gaseous reactant and the second gaseous reactant can flow into both combustion product chambers.

21. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 20, where the first gaseous reactant is fed into electrochemical cell assemblies having each end open to a combustion product chamber.

22. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 21, where each electrochemical cell assembly has a gas injector tube extending into the cell assembly to discharge the first gaseous reactant within the electrochemical cell and has a means for flowing the first gaseous reactant into each gas injector tube, and where a plurality of gas injector tubes are disposed outside of and among the electrochemical cell assemblies in the generator chamber and have a means for flowing the second gaseous reactant into the generator chamber, where the openings in the electrochemical cell assemblies and the porosities of the porous barriers separating each combustion product chamber from the generator chamber allow approximately equal flow of both gaseous reactants into both combustion product chambers.

23. An electrochemical cell generator comprising:

(A) a housing means defining a plurality of chambers including two combustion product chambers with a generator chamber disposed between them;

(B) porous barriers separating said generator chamber from the two combustion product chambers;

(C) a plurality of axially elongated, annular, electrochemical cells disposed within said generator chamber;

(D) means for flowing a first gaseous reactant through said annular electrochemical cells and through said porous barriers into both of said combustion product chambers;

(E) means for flowing a second gaseous reactant into said generator chamber, about said electrochemical cells, and through said porous barriers into both of said combustion product chambers;

(F) means for segregating said first and second gaseous reactants from direct contact with one another prior to entry of each into said combustion product chambers; and

(G) means to exhaust the first and second reactants from the combustion product chambers.

24. The electrocemical cell generator of claim 23, where the electrochemical cells each comprise a plurality of cell elements, the cell elements comprising an annular, electronically conductive, porous, inner electrode;

solid electrolyte contacting and surrounding said first electrode; and

an electronically conductive, porous, outer electrode contacting and surrounding said electrolyte;

with annular, electronically conductive, interconnection members disposed between cell elements, wherein the inner electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are electronically connected through the interconnection member, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements on the same cell assembly are physically and electronically segmented from each other and from the inner electrodes on the same cell assembly, to provide a plurality of segmented electrochemical lengths.

25. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 24, where each electrochemical cell assembly comprises at least two parts, each part joined together by an annular sleeving means, where the sleeving means joins cell elements containing only electrolyte portions and inner electrode portions, said sleeving means comprising a dense outer portion disposed next to the electrolyte and a porous inner portion disposed next to the porous inner electrode, where the inner electrode is an air electrode, the outer electrode is a fuel electrode, the electrolyte is a gas impermeable solid oxide material and the interconnection is an oxide doped lanthanum chromite.

26. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 24, where the inner electrode is self-supporting and the outer surface of the annular interconnection members are partly covered with electrolyte.

27. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 24, where the first gaseous reactant is fed into electrochemical cell assemblies having each end open to a combustion product chamber.

28. The electrochemical cell generator of claim 27, where each electrochemical cell assembly has a gas injector tube extending into the cell assembly to discharge the first gaseous reactant within the electrochemical cell and has a means for flowing the first gaseous reactant into each gas injector tube, and where a plurality of gas injector tubes are disposed outside of and among the electrochemical cell assemblies in the generator chamber and have a means for flowing the second gaseous reactant into the generator chamber, where the openings in the electrochemical cell assemblies and the porosities of the porous barriers separating each combustion product chamber from the generator chamber allow approximately equal flow of both gaseous reactants into both combustion product chambers.

29. A solid electrolyte fuel cell generator comprising:

(A) a housing means defining a plurality of chambers including a generator chamber and two combustion product chambers with a generator chamber disposed between them;

(B) porous barriers separating said generator chamber from the two combustion product chambers;

(C) a plurality of axially elongated, annular, electrochemical cell assemblies disposed within said generator chamber, said electrochemical cell assemblies each comprising a plurality of cell elements, the cell elements comprising an annular, electronically conductive, porous, inner electrode;

solid electrolyte contacting and surrounding said first electrode; and

an electronically conductive, porous outer electrode contacting and completely surrounding said electrolyte;

with annular, electronically conductive, interconnection members disposed between the cell elements, electronically connecting the inner electrodes of the cell elements to the inner electrode of adjacent cell elements on the same cell assembly, and the outer electrodes of the cell elements are physically and electronically segmented from the outer electrodes of adjacent cell elements on the same cell assembly and from the inner electrodes of adjacent cell elements on the same cell assembly, to provide a plurality of segmented electrochemical lengths;

(D) means for flowing a first gaseous reactant through said annular fuel cells and through said porous barriers into both of said combustion product chambers;

(E) means for flowing a second gaseous reactant into said generator chamber, about said fuel cells, and through said porous barriers into both of said combustion product chambers;

(F) means for segregating said first and second gaseous reactants from direct contact with one another prior to entry of each into said combustion product chambers; and

(G) means to exhaust the first and second reactants from the combustion product chambers.

30. The fuel cell generator of claim 29, where each electrochemical cell assembly comprises at least two parts, each part joined together by an annular sleeving means, where the sleeving means joins cell elements containing only electrolyte portions and inner electrode portions, said sleeving means comprising a dense outer portion disposed next to the electrolyte and a porous inner portion disposed next to the porous inner electrode, where the inner electrode is an air electrode, the outer electrode is a fuel electrode, the electrolyte is a gas impermeable solid oxide material and the interconnection is an oxide doped lanthanum chromite.

31. The fuel cell generator of claim 29, where the inner electrode is self-supporting and the outer surface of the annular interconnection members are partly covered with electrolyte.

32. The fuel cell generator of claim 29 where the first gaseous reactant is fed into electrochemical cell assemblies having each end open to a combustion product chamber.

33. The fuel cell generator of claim 29 where the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of each electrochemical cell assembly are connected in series to an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly, such that said outside surfaces of the interconnection members are electronically connected to the outer fuel electrode surfaces of an adjacent electrochemical cell assembly.

34. The fuel cell generator of claim 33 where each electrochemical cell assembly is also connected in parallel to adjacent electrochemical cell assemblies, such that the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of the electrochemical cell assemblies are electronically connected to the outside surfaces of the annular interconnection members of adjacent electrochemical assemblies, and the outside fuel electrode surfaces of the electrochemical cell assemblies are electronically connected to the outside fuel electrode surfaces of adjacent electrochemical cell assemblies.

35. The fuel cell generator of claim 32, where each electrochemical cell assembly has a gas injector tube extending into the cell assembly to discharge the first gaseous reactant within the electrochemical cell and has a means for flowing the first gaseous reactant into each gas injector tube, and where a plurality of gas injector tubes are disposed outside of and among the electrochemical cell assemblies in the generator chamber and have a means for flowing the second gaseous reactant into the generator chamber, where the openings in the electrochemical cell assemblies and the porosities of the porous barriers separating each combustion product chamber from the generator chamber allow approximatey equal flow of both gaseous reactants into both combustion product chambers.

36. The fuel cell generator of claim 35, where the inner electrode is an air electrode, the outer electrode is a fuel electrode, the first gaseous reactant is an oxidant, and the second gaseous reactant is a fuel, and where the gas injector tubes disposed outside of the electrochemical cell assemblies have an inner coating of a fuel reforming catalyst.

37. The fuel cell generator of claim 35, where the gas injector tube extending into the cell assembly is supported within the assembly by the inner portion of the sleeving means.