Detector for capacitive sensing devices

• US 4,728,932 A
• Filed: 07/25/1986
• Issued: 03/01/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 07/25/1986
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Honeywell Incorporated (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Honeywell Incorporated (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Inventors: Atherton, James H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Caldwell, Sr., John W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Oberley, Alvin
• Application Number:
  US06/890,216
• Time in Patent Office: 585 Days
• Field of Search: 340/365 C, 340/365 S, 340/365 E, 340/870, 340/37, 324/60 C, 324/60CD, 324/61 R, 307/350, 307/363, 307/362, 307/247 A, 307/116, 307/143, 73/724, 361/181, 200/DIG. 1
• US Class Current: 341/26
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 27/2605 Measuring capacitance capacitive sensors G01D5/24
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 17/9622 using a plurality of detectors, e.g. keyboard
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 2017/9613 using two electrodes per touch switch
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 2217/960705 Safety of capacitive touch and proximity switches, e.g. increasing reliability, fail-safe

Abstract

A method and circuit are disclosed for detecting the state of a variable capacitor by comparator means whose threshold voltage is impressed on first plates of the variable capacitor and a reference capacitor having a capacitance between the minimum and maximum capacitances of the variable capacitor, and charging and discharging the second plates of the variable and reference capacitors by equal amounts in opposite senses. The voltage on the first plates of the capacitors then changes in a sense dependent on the relative capacitance values of the capacitors and is compared with the threshold voltage by the comparator means.

Claims

1. A detector for producing an output indicative of the state of a variable capacitor having first and second plates and minimum and maximum capacitance values, comprising:

a reference capacitor having first and second plates and a capacitance value between the minimum and maximum capacitance values of the variable capacitor;

a sense node adapted to connect the first plates of the variable capacitor and said reference capacitor;

a comparator having an input terminal, and an output terminal at which is produced an output signal indicative of whether the voltage at the input terminal is smaller or larger than a precharge voltage;

means connecting the input terminal of said comparator to said sense node;

precharging means connected to the input terminal of said comparator and said sense node, said precharging means being operable to impress the precharge voltage on the input terminal of said comparator and the first plates of the variable capacitor and said reference capacitor during a first time period, and, during a second time period, to allow the voltage on said sense node and connected input terminal of said comparator to assume a voltage different from the precharge voltage; and

a drive signal generator connected to the second plate of said reference capacitor and having a drive terminal adapted to be connected to the second terminal of the variable capacitor, said drive signal generator being operable to impress first and second predetermined voltages of different values on the second plates of said reference and variable capacitors respectively during the first time period and to impress the second and first predetermined voltages on the second plates of said reference and variable capacitors respectively during the second time period, whereby, during the second time period, the capacitance value of the variable capacitor determines whether the voltage on the input terminal of said comparator is smaller or larger than the precharge voltage.

2. A detector for producing an output indicative of the state of a variable capacitor having first and second plates and minimum and maximum capacitance values, comprising:

comparator means having an input terminal adapted to be connected to the first plate of the variable capacitor and an output terminal at which is produced an output signal indicative of whether the voltage at the input terminal is smaller or larger than a threshold voltage;

first switch means connected to the input and output terminals of said comparator means, said comparator means and said first switch means, when enabled, being operable to cause the voltage at the input terminal of said comparator means to be substantially equal to the threshold voltage;

a reference capacitor having first and second plates, the first plate being connected to the input terminal of said comparator means, said reference capacitor having a capacitance between the minimum and maximum capacitance values of the variable capacitor; and

reset means adapted to receive a reset signal of first or second states and operable when receiving a reset signal of the first state to enable said first switch means and charge the second plate of said reference capacitor to a first predetermined voltage, said reset means further being operable when receiving a reset signal of the second state to disable said first switch means and discharge the second plate of said reference capacitor to a second predetermined voltage, whereby if the second plate of the variable capacitor is charged in response to the reset signal of the second state so that its voltage increases by an amount equal to the difference between the first and second predetermined voltages, a voltage is produced at the input terminal of said comparator means which is smaller or larger than the threshold voltage depending on whether the capacitance of the variable capacitor is smaller or larger than the capacitance of the reference capacitor.

3. The detector of claim 2 wherein said comparator means comprises first and second cross coupled inverters.

4. The detector of claim 3 wherein:

said first inverter includes an input terminal which comprises the input terminal of said comparator means; and

said second inverter is only capable of producing substantially less current than said first inverter.

5. The detector of claim 4 wherein:

said first switch means comprises a first transmission gate having first and second complimentary control electrodes, said first transmission gate being enabled by signals of first and second states at its first and second control electrodes respectively; and

said reset means comprises a third inverter having input and output terminals and means connecting the input and output terminals of said third inverter to the first and second control electrodes respectively of said first transmission gate, said reset means further including means connecting the output terminal of said third inverter to the second plate of said reference capacitor.

6. The detector of claim 2 further including latch means connected to said reset means and the output terminal of said comparator means, and operable to receive the output signal of said comparator means when the reset signal is of the second state and to produce an output signal corresponding to the received output signal when the reset signal is of the first state.

7. The detector of claim 6, wherein said latch means comprises first and second inverters each having an input terminal and an output terminal, said first and second inverters being cross coupled through second switch means, the input terminal of said first inverter being connected to the output terminal of said comparator means through third switch means, the second and third switch means being connected to receive signals from said reset means, said second and third switch means further being enabled and disenabled respectively when said reset signal is of the first state, and disenabled and enabled respectively when the reset signal is of the second state.

8. The detector of claim 7 wherein:

said first switch means comprises a first transmission gate having first and second complimentary control electrodes, said first transmission gate being enabled by signals of first and second states at its first and second control electrodes respectively;

said reset means comprises a third inverter having input and output terminals and means connecting the input and output terminals of said third inverter to the first and second control electrodes of said first transmission gate respectively; and

said second and third switch means comprise second and third transmission gates respectively, each including first and second complimentary control electrodes and each being enabled by signals of first and second states at its first and second control electrodes respectively, the first control electrode of the second transmission gate and the second control terminal of the third transmission gate being connected to the input terminal of said third inverter and the second control electrode of the second transmission gate and the first control electrode of the third transmission gate being connected to the output terminal of said third inverter.

9. Capacitive keyboard apparatus comprising:

an array of capacitive key switches each including a capacitor having first and second plates and minimum and maximum capacitance values;

a clock generator for generating first and second alternating clock signals;

scanning means connected to said clock generator and operable in response to the first clock signals to sequentially charge the first plates of the capacitors in said array from a first predetermined voltage to a second predetermined voltage and to provide for sequential sensing of the states of the capacitors in said array;

comparator means having an input terminal connected to said scanning means for sequentially receiving signals corresponding to the voltages on the second plates of individual capacitors in said array, a reset terminal connected to said clock generator, and an output terminal at which is produced an output signal indicative of whether the voltage at the input terminal is less or greater than a threshold voltage, said comparator means being operable in response to the second clock signals to cause the voltage at the input teminal and the second plate of the capacitor whose state is being sensed to be substantially equal to the threshold voltage;

a reference capacitor having first and second plates of which the first plate is connected to the input terminal of said comparator means, said reference capacitor having a capacitance between minimum and maximum capacitance values of the capacitors in said array; and

reset means connected to said clock generator and operable in response to the second clock signals to charge the second plate of said reference capacitor so that its voltage increases by an amount equal to the difference between the first and second predetermined voltages, said reset means further being operable in response to the first clock signals to discharge the second plate of said reference capacitor so that its voltage decreases by said difference, whereby upon occurrence of the first clock signals said comparator means produces an output signal sequentially indicative of whether the capacitances in said array are smaller or larger than that of the reference capacitor.

10. The keyboard apparatus of claim 9 wherein:

each capacitor in said array has a fixed plate and a movable plate, the fixed plates being connected to a first set of conductors and the movable plates being connected to a second set of conductors so that each capacitor is connected to a unique pair of conductors comprising one conductor of each of the first and second sets of conductors; and

said scanning means sequentially supplies pulses of the first predetermined voltage to conductors in one of the first and second sets of conductors and sequentially permits the voltages on conductor in the other of the first and second sets of conductors to vary.

11. The capacitive keyboard apparatus of claim 10 wherein said comparator means comprises:

a comparator having an input terminal connected to said scanning means and an output terminal at which the output signal of said comparator means is produced; and

first switch means connected between the input and output terminals of said comparator, said comparator and said first switch means being operable in response to the second clock signals to electrically connect the output and input terminals of said comparator so as to force the voltage at the input terminal to the threshold voltage.

12. The keyboard apparatus of claim 11 wherein said comparator comprises:

first inverter having an input terminal to said scanning means and an output terminal at which the output signal of said comparator is produced; and

a second inverter having input and output terminals connected to the output and input terminals respectively of said first inverter.

13. The keyboard apparatus of claim 12 wherein said second inverter is capable of producing only substantially less current than said first inverter.

14. The keyboard apparatus of claim 9 further including latch means connected to said clock generator and operable to receive the output signal of said comparator means during said first clock signals and to maintain an output signal corresponding to the received output signal during the second clock signals.

15. The keyboard apparatus of claim 14 wherein said clock generator, said scanning means, said comparator means and said reset means are operable to discharge the second plate of said reference capacitor before charging the first plate of the capacitor whose state is being sensed.

16. The keyboard apparatus of claim 15 wherein:

said clock generator produces delayed first and second alternating clock signals substantially identical to but delayed in time from the first and second alternating clock signals;

said reset means is connected to receive the first and second clock signals in response to which the second plate of said reference capacitor is discharge; and

said scanning means is connected to receive the delayed first and second clock signals in response to which the first plate of the capacitors in said matrix are sequentially charged to the second predetermined voltage.

17. A method for detecting the state of a variable capacitor by means of circuitry including a reference capacitor having a capacitance between the minimum and maximum capacitance values of the variable capacitor and comparator means which changes output states at an input threshold voltage, the method comprising the steps of:

providing an inverter having input and output terminals, the input terminal being connected to first plates of the variable and reference capacitors;

during a first interval, connecting the output terminal of the inverter to its input terminal so that the first plates of the variable and reference capacitors are charged to the threshold voltage of the inverter;

during a subsequent interval, disconnecting the output terminal of the inverter from its input terminal and charging second plates of the variable and reference capacitors so that the voltages on the second plates change by equal amounts in opposite senses, whereby the voltage on the first plates of the variable and fixed capacitors is caused to be less or greater than the threshold voltage if the capacitance of the variable capacitor is smaller or greater respectively than the capacitance of the reference capacitor; and

utilizing the output signal of the inverter during the subsequent interval to indicate the state of the variable capacitor.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of charging the second plates comprises:

establishing a reference voltage on the second plate of one of the variable capacitor and the reference capacitor, and establishing a first voltage different from the reference voltage on the second plate of the other of the reference capacitor and the variable capacitor;

discharging the second plate of the variable or reference capacitor which is at the first voltage to the reference voltage; and

charging the second plate of the variable or reference capacitor which is at the reference voltage to the first voltage.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of charging the first plates of the variable and reference capacitors is performed simultaneously with the step of establishing a reference voltage and first voltage on the second plates of the variable and reference capacitors, and performed alternately with the steps of discharging and charging the second plates of the variable and reference capacitors respectively.

20. The method of claim 19 comprising the further step of preserving the output signal of the comparator means between successive occurrences of controlling the comparator means in accordance with the voltage on the first plates of the variable and reference capacitors.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein, in the step of discharging and charging the second plates of the variable and reference capacitors, the second plate of the reference capacitor is discharged from the first voltage to the reference voltage and then the second plate of the variable capacitor is charged from the reference voltage to the first voltage.