Method for obtaining T1-weighted and T2-weighted NMR images for a plurality of selected planes in the course of a single scan

• US 4,734,646 A
• Filed: 09/16/1986
• Issued: 03/29/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 09/16/1986
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Fonar Corporation
• Original Assignee: Fonar Corporation
• Inventors: Shenoy, Rajendra K., Damadian, Raymond V., Morrone, Terry, Wolf, Robert B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Noland, Tom
• Application Number:
  US06/907,895
• Time in Patent Office: 560 Days
• Field of Search: 324/309
• US Class Current: 324/309
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/50 based on the determination of relaxation times , e.g. T1 measurement by IR sequences; T2 measurement by multiple-echo sequences
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/56 Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques , e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution

Abstract

A method for obtaining in the course of a single scan T1-weighted and T2-weighted NMR imaging data for a plurality of selected planes in an object using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The method is accomplished by positioning an object to be imaged in a static homogeneous magnetic field and then carrying out a plurality of repetitions of a repetition sequence composed of NMR excitation and magnetic field gradient pulses for a plurality of selected planes in the object. The repetition sequences for each of the selected planes include a combination of a T1-weighted pulse sequence having a TE₁ and TR₁ suitable for obtaining T1-weighted NMR imaging data and a T2-weighted pulse sequence having a TE₂ and TR₂ suitable for obtaining T2-weighted NMR imaging data. The repetition sequence for each selected plane is repeated a plurality of times and carried out in a manner so as to encode spatial information into the collection of NMR signals. Also, the T1-weighted and T2-weighted pulse sequences for each selected plane is carried out during the recovery time intervals provided in the repetition sequence for other selected planes. In this manner, T1 and T2-weighted NMR image data for a plurality of planes are obtained in a single scan in significantly reduced time.

Claims

1. A method for obtaining T1-weighted and T2-weighted NMR image data for a plurality of selected planes in an object in the course of a single scan using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, said method comprising:

a. positioning an object in a static homogeneous magnetic field;

b. obtaining NMR imaging data for a T1-weighted image and a T2-weighted image in a first selected plane of said object by subjecting said object to a plurality of repetitions of a repetition sequence composed of NMR excitation and magnetic field gradient pulses, each repetition sequence including (i) applying a first excitation pulse and reading out a first NMR signal produced by said first excitation pulse at a time TE₁ after said first excitation pulse, and (ii) applying a second excitation pulse and reading out a second NMR signal produced by said second excitation pulse at a time TE₂ after said second excitation pulse, said first and second excitation pulses each being applied in a manner so as to only excite selected nuclei in said first selected plane of said object, said first excitation pulse being applied during said repetition sequence after a recovery time interval TR₁ from a preceding excitation pulse and said second excitation pulse being applied during said repetition sequence after a recovery time interval TR₂ from a preceding excitation pulse, said repetition sequence being repeated at a repetition time interval T_rep which is equal to the sum of said TR₁ and TR₂ intervals, and said plurality of repetitions of said repetition sequence being carried out in a manner to encode spatial information into a collection of said first and second NMR signals to obtain said NMR image data for a T1-weighted image and a T2-weighted image for said first selected plane, said TE₁ and TR₁ being selected so that said collection of said first NMR signals is representative of T1-weighted imaging data, and said TE₂ and TR₂ being selected so that said collection of said second NMR signals is representative of T2-weighted imaging data; and

c. carrying out step (b) set forth above for at least one additional selected plane of said object to obtain NMR imaging data for T1-weighted and T2-weighted images for said at least one additional selected plane, said repetition time interval T_rep at which said repetition sequence is repeated for said at least one additional selected plane being substantially the same as said repetition time interval T_rep at which said repetition sequence is repeated for said first selected plane, each of said first and second excitation pulses for each repetition of said repetition sequence for said at least one additional selected plane being applied in a manner so as to only excite selected nuclei in said at least one additional selected plane, and each step (i) for each repetition of said repetition sequence for said at least one additional selected plane being carried out during the corresponding repetition of said repetition sequence for said first selected plane at a different portion of said repetition time interval T_rep for said first selected plane than said step (i) for said first selected plane, and each step (ii) for each repetition of said repetition sequence for said at least one additional selected plane being carried out during the corresponding repetition of said repetition sequence for said first selected plane at a different portion of said repetition time interval T_rep for said first selected plane than said step (ii) for said first selected plane.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said first selected plane and said at least one additional selected plane are parallel to one another;

wherein said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes are each applied in the presence of a slice selector magnetic field gradient which has a gradient direction extending along a first direction which is perpendicular to said selected planes; and

wherein said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for each selected plane are applied at a predetermined frequency chosen according to the strength of the magnetic field imposed by said static homogeneous magnetic field and said slice selector magnetic field gradient of said each selected plane so that said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for said each selected plane only excite selected nuclei of said object in said each selected plane, said predetermined frequencies applied for each of said selected planes being different from one another.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the operations of reading out said first and second NMR signals for each repetition of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes are carried out in the presence of a read out magnetic field gradient which has a gradient direction extending along a second direction which is perpendicular to said first direction to encode spatial information along said gradient direction of said read out magnetic field gradient into said collection of said first and second NMR signals for said each selected plane.

4. The method of claim 3 further including, during each repetition of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes, the step of applying a phase encoding magnetic field gradient intermediate the application of said first excitation pulse and reading out said first NMR signal and intermediate the step of applying said second excitation pulse and reading out said second NMR signal, said phase encoding magnetic field gradient having a gradient direction extending along a third direction which is perpendicular to said first and second directions, and the amplitude of said phase encoding magnetic field gradient being variable for said repetitions of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes so as to encode spatial information along said third direction into said collection of said first and second NMR signals for said each selected plane.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein said slice selector, read out and phase encoding gradients are switched on and off during said single scan of said object so that said slice magnetic field gradient is on during application of said excitation pulses, said read out gradient is on during reading out of said NMR signals and said phase encoding gradient is on intermediate said application of said excitation pulses and its respective reading out of said NMR signals.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said step (c) is carried out for a plurality of additional selected planes.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the time interval for carrying out said step (i) for each repetition of said repetition sequence is TS₁ and wherein the time interval for carrying out said step (ii) during each repetition of said repetition sequence is TS₂ ;

and wherein the number of times said step (c) is carried out is n-1, in which n is an integral number less than or equal to T_rep divided by the sum of TS₁ and TS₂.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein said sequence time interval TS₁ corresponds to the time interval for applying said excitation pulse and its respective reading out of said NMR signals and for switching on and off said magnetic field gradients during said step (i) of said repetition sequence, and wherein said sequence time interval TS₂ corresponds to the time interval for applying said second excitation pulse and its respective reading out of said second NMR signal and for switching on and off said magnetic field gradients during said step (ii) of said repetition sequence.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein TS₁ is between 30-60 msec. and TS₂ is between 60-120 msec.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the number of times said step (c) is carried out is at least nine.

11. The method of claim 8 wherein the repetition time interval T_rep is divided into a plurality of sequence time intervals TS corresponding to the number of selected planes for which NMR imaging data is to be obtained, said sequence time interval TS being equal to the sum of TS₁ and TS₂ ;

and wherein during each of said intervals TS, one of said steps (i) for one of said selected planes and one of said steps (ii) for another of said selected planes are carried out during different portions of said sequence time interval TS.

12. The method of claim 1 further including, during each repetition of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes, the step of applying a first rephasing pulse at a time interval equal to one-half of TE₁ after application of said first excitation pulse, and applying a rephasing pulse at a time interval equal to one-half of TE₂ after application of said second excitation pulse, whereby said first and second NMR signals are each spin-echo NMR signals.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein said step of applying said rephasing pulses during each repetition for each of said selected planes comprises applying said rephasing pulses at a frequency corresponding to said predetermined frequency at which said first and second excitation pulses are applied for said each selected plane.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein TE₁ is less than TE₂ and TR₁ is less than TR₂.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein TE₁ is short compared to the T2 values expected to be present in said object, and wherein TE₂ corresponds to the T2 values expected to be present in said object.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein TR₁ corresponds to the T1 values expected to be present in the object and TR₂ is long in comparison to the T1 values expected to be present in said object.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein TE₁ is between 14 and 28 msec., and TR₁ is between 200 and 600 msec., and wherein TE₂ is between 56 and 112 msec. and TR₂ is between 1,500 and 3,000 msec.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein said step (ii) is carried out prior to said step (i) during each repetition of said repetition sequence for at least one of said selected planes.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein said step (i) is carried out prior to said step (ii) during each repetition of said repetition sequence for at least one of said selected planes.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said step (ii) is carried out prior to said step (i) during each repetition of said repetition sequence for another of said selected planes.

21. A method for obtaining T1-weighted and T2-weighted NMR image data for at least two selected planes in an object in a single scan using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, said method comprising:

positioning an object in an NMR imaging apparatus which includes means for generating a magnetic field, means for exciting selected nuclei to generate NMR signals and for reading of such NMR signals to provide a collection of NMR signals from selected regions of an object placed in said NMR imgaging apparatus, and means for obtaining NMR imaging data from said collection of NMR signals;

conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations to obtain NMR imaging data from a first selected plane of said object, said step of conducting said sampling operations for said first plane being commenced at a first time during the course of a single scan and being continued substantially throughout said single scan so as to obtain NMR imaging data for producing T1-weighted and T2-weighted images for said first selected plane of said object;

conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations to obtain NMR imaging data from a second selected plane of said object which is different from said first selected plane, said step of conducting said sampling operations for said second selected plane being commenced at a second time during the course of said single scan which is later than said first time but prior to completion of said step of conducting said sampling operations for said first selected plane, and said step of conducting said NMR sampling operations for said second selected plane being continued substantially throughout said single scan to obtain NMR imaging data for producing T1-weighted and T2-weighted images for said second selected plane;

each of said plurality of NMR sampling operations including first and second sets of NMR excitation and reading operations, one of said first and second sets of NMR excitation and reading operations being performed in a manner to provide T1-weighted NMR imaging data and the other of said first and second sets of excitation and reading operations being performed in a manner to provide T2-weighted imaging data;

and each of said first set of operations being performed at a different time during the course of said single scan than each other of said first set of operations and each of said second set of operations, and each of said second set of operations being performed at a different time during the course of said single scan than each other of said second set of operations and each of said first set of operations.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein said steps of conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations each comprise subjecting said object to a plurality of repetitions of a repetition sequence comprised of NMR excitation and magnetic field gradient pulses, each of said repetition sequences constituting one of said NMR sampling operations.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein each of said repetition sequences includes the steps of (i) applying a first excitation pulse and reading out a first NMR signal produced by said first excitation pulse at a time TE₁ after said first excitation pulse, and (ii) applying a second excitation pulse and reading out a second NMR signal produced by said second excitation pulse at a time TE₂ after said second excitation pulse, said first and second excitation pulses for each of said selected planes each being applied in a manner so as to only excite selected nuclei in said each selected plane of said object, said first excitation pulse being applied during said repetition sequence after a recovery time interval TR₁ from a preceding second excitation pulse and said second excitation pulse being applied during said repetition sequence after a recovery time interval TR₂ from a preceding first excitation pulse, said repetition sequence for said each selected plane being repeated at a repetition time interval T_rep which is equal to the sum of said TR₁ and TR₂ intervals;

wherein said plurality of repetitions of said repetition sequence for said each selected plane are carried out in a manner to encode spatial information into a collection of said first and second NMR signals for each selected plane, said TE₁ and TR₁ being selected so that said collection of said first NMR signals is representative of T1-weighted imaging data, and said TE₂ and TR₂ being selected so that said collection of said second NMR signals is representative of T2-weighted imaging data; and

wherein each step (i) for each repetition of said repetition sequence for said second selected plane is carried out during the corresponding repetition of said repetition sequence for said first selected plane at a different portion of said repetition time interval T_rep for said first selected plane than said step (i) for said first selected plane, and each step (ii) for each repetition of said repetition sequence for said second selected plane is carried out during the corresponding repetition of said repetition sequence for said first selected plane at a different portion of said repetition time interval T_rep for said first selected plane than said step (ii) for said first selected plane.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein said first and second selected planes are parallel to one another;

wherein said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes are each applied in the presence of a slice selector magnetic field gradient which has a gradient direction extending along a first direction which is perpendicular to said selected planes; and

wherein said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for each selected plane are applied at a predetermined frequency chosen according to the strength of the magnetic field imposed by said static homogeneous magnetic field and said slice selector magnetic field gradient of said each selected plane so that said first and second excitation pulses of said repetition sequence for said each selected plane only excite selected nuclei of said object in said each selected plane, said predetermined frequencies applied for each of said selected planes being different from one another.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein the operations of reading out said first and second NMR signals for each repetition of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes are carried out in the presence of a read out magnetic field gradient which has a gradient direction extending along a second direction which is perpendicular to said first direction to encode spatial information along said gradient direction of said read out magnetic field gradient into said collection of said first and second NMR signals for said each selected plane.

26. The method of claim 25 further including, during each repetition of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes, the step of applying a phase encoding magnetic field gradient intermediate the application of said first excitation pulse and reading out said first NMR signal and intermediate the step of applying said second excitation pulse and reading out said second NMR signal, said phase encoding magnetic field gradient having a gradient direction extending along a third direction which is perpendicular to said first and second directions, and the amplitude of said phase encoding magnetic field gradient being variable for said repetitions of said repetition sequence for each of said selected planes so as to encode spatial information along said third direction into said collection of said first and second NMR signals for said each selected plane.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein said slice selector, read out and phase encoding gradients are switched on and off during said single scan of said object so that said slice magnetic field gradient is on during application of said excitation pulses, said read out gradient is on during reading out of said NMR signals and said phase encoding gradient is on intermediate said application of said excitation pulses and its respective reading out of said NMR signals.

28. The method of claim 23 further including conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations for a plurality of additional selected planes.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the time interval for carrying out said step (i) for each repetition of said repetition sequence is TS₁ and wherein the time interval for carrying out said step (ii) during each repetition of said repetition sequence is TS₂, and wherein the number of selected planes for which said plurality of NMR sampling operations are conducted is an integral number less than or equal to T_rep divided by the sum of TS₁ and TS₂.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein said sequence time interval TS₁ corresponds to the time interval for applying said excitation pulse and its respective reading out of said NMR signals and for switching on and off said magnetic field gradients during said step (i) of said repetition sequence, and wherein said sequence time interval TS₂ corresponds to the time interval for applying said second excitation pulse and its respective reading out of said second NMR signal and for switching on and off said magnetic field gradients during said step (ii) of said repetition sequence.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein the repetition time interval T_rep is divided into a plurality of sequence time intervals TS corresponding to the number of selected planes for which NMR imaging data is to be obtained, said sequence time interval TS being equal to the sum of TS₁ and TS₂ ;

and wherein during each of said intervals TS, one of said steps (i) for one of said selected planes and one of said steps (ii) for another of said selected planes are carried out during different portions of said sequence time interval TS.

32. A method for obtaining first and second NMR imaging data for at least two selected planes in an object in a single scan using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, said method comprising:

positioning an object in an NMR imaging apparatus which includes means for generating a magnetic field, means for exciting selected nuclei to generate NMR signals and for reading of such NMR signals to provide a collection of NMR signals from selected regions of an object placed in said NMR imaging apparatus, and means for obtaining NMR imaging data from said collection of NMR signals;

conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations to obtain NMR imaging data from a first selected plane of said object, said step of conducting said sampling operations for said first plane being commenced at a first time during the course of a single scan and being continued substantially throughout said single scan so as to obtain NMR imaging data for producing first and second images for said first selected plane of said object;

conducting a plurality of NMR sampling operations to obtain NMR imaging data from a second selected plane of said object which is different from said first selected plane, said step of conducting said sampling operations for said second selected plane being commenced at a second time during the course of said single scan which is later than said first time but prior to completion of said step of conducting said sampling operations for said first selected plane, and said step of conducting said NMR sampling operations for said second selected plane being continued substantially throughout said single scan to obtain NMR imaging data for producing first and second images for said second selected plane;

each of said plurality of NMR sampling operations including a first NMR excitation operation followed by a first NMR reading operation and a second NMR excitation operation followed by a second NMR reading operation, said first NMR excitation operations being performed at a first interval of time after a preceding NMR excitation operation to provide first NMR imaging data for producing said first images and said second NMR excitation operation being performed at a second interval of time after a preceding first NMR excitation operation to provide second NMR imaging data for producing said second images, said first interval of time being different from said second interval of time, whereby the overall time for obtaining said first and second NMR imaging data for said first and second selected planes is minimized.