Apparatus and method for down-hole EM telemetry while drilling

• US 4,739,325 A
• Filed: 03/06/1986
• Issued: 04/19/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 09/30/1982
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: National Oilwell Varco LP (NOV, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Macleod Laboratories Incorporated
• Inventors: MacLeod, Norman C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Brown, David H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): STEINBERGER, BRIAN
• Application Number:
  US06/838,639
• Time in Patent Office: 775 Days
• Field of Search: 166/66, 166/250, 175/38, 175/40, 175/41, 175/48, 175/50, 175/42, 324/342, 324/356, 324/369, 324/323, 340/853, 340/854, 340/855, 340/856, 340/859, 364/421, 364/422, 367/81, 367/82, 367/36, 367/37, 367/38, 73/151
• US Class Current: 340/854.4
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 17/003 with electrically conducting or insulating means E21B17/028 and E21B17/023 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/13 by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 3/24 using ac

Abstract

An MWD EM data/control telemetry link between down-hole instruments and ground surface instruments dynamically adapts to the underground electrical environment utilizing a down-hole microprocessor unit and a surface data processing unit (computer) each of which continuously monitors, probes and sweeps the frequency spectrum with EM signals to determine an optimum frequency for signal transmission between the respective units via either the drill string, the surrounding strata, or both, and then generates and digitally modulates a carrier signal at such optimum frequency with data/control signals.

A particular feature of the communication system is a combination of a sensing toroid and insulated gaps interrupting electrical continuity so as to force all currents propagating in the strata and pipe string to flow through the axial opening of the sensing toroid via a conduction path dictated by considerations of electrical design rather than by mechanical constraints, thus enabling the effective electrical length of the drill string below the down-hole module to be optimized.

Claims

1. A method for communicating data from down-hole sensing devices contained in a down-hole module incorporated into a conductive drill string to ground surface comprising the steps of:

(a) generating a first alternating electromagnetic (EM) transmission current in the drill string and underground strata with an electrical current generator disposed within the module;

(b) detecting the frequency of said generated first EM transmission current that produces a particular EM transmission current level at ground surface;

(c) setting said electrical current generator to generate a second EM transmission current at the detected frequency;

(d) converting analogue data signals developed by said down-hole sensing devices into digital electrical data signals;

(e) inputting said digital data signals into a down-hole microprocessor means located in the down-hole module, and logically operating on said digital data signals according to a first program stored in a first programmable read only memory (PROM), a first random access memory (RAM), and a first electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert such digital signals into digital transmission data signals;

(f) modulating said second EM transmission current with said digital transmission data signals;

(g) detecting the modulated second EM transmission current at ground surface;

(h) converting the detected modulated second EM transmission current into a digital data string;

(i) inputting said first digital data string into a surface data processor means and logically operating on said digital data string according to a second program stored in a second programmable read only memory (PROM), a second random access memory (RAM) and a second electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert said digital data string into analogue data signals reflecting conditions of the down-hole strata detected by said down-hole sensing devices.

2. The method of claim 1 and further including the steps of:

(j) generating a first alternating electromagnetic (EM) control current in the drill string and underground strata near the surface with a surface electrical current generator;

(k) detecting the frequency of the generated first EM control current that produces a particular EM control current in the down-hole module;

(l) setting said surface electrical current generator to generate a second EM control current at the detected frequency;

(m) inputting digital programing signals into said surface data processor means and logically operating on said digital programing signals according to third programs stored in said second programmable read only memory (PROM), said second random access memory (RAM) and said second electrically erasable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert such digital programing signals into digital instructions signals;

(n) modulating said second EM control current generated at ground surface with said digital instruction signals;

(o) detecting the modulated second EM control current down-hole in the down-hole module;

(p) converting the detected modulated second EM control current into an instructional digital data string;

(q) inputting said instructioal digital data string into said down-hole microprocessor means and logically operating on said instruction digital data string according to programs stored in said first programmable read only memory (PROM), said first random access memory (RAM) and said first electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), and converting said instructional digital data string into a set of instructions to said down-hole microprocessor for controlling the collection of said analogue data signals from said down-hole sensing devices, generation of said EM transmission current, and modulation of said EM transmission current with said digital transmission data signals.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the steps of detecting the frequency of the generated EM transmission current that produces said particular EM transmission current at ground surface, (step b), and frequency of the generated EM control current that produces said particular EM control current in the down-hole module (step k) further include the steps of:

(i) generating an EM alternating current with the surface electrical current generator at a frequency f_i contingent upon receipt of a periodic acknowledgement signal,

(ii) receiving EM currents down-hole across a bandwidth B_i,

(iii) sensing whether EM alternating currents received are within the bandwidth B_i,

(iv) periodically generating an EM alternating current down-hole with the electrical current generator in the down-hole module at the frequency f_i of the EM alternating currents received,

(v) digitally modulating the periodically generated EM alternating current produced down-hole with an acknowledgement signal contingent upon continuous receipt of the EM alternating current at the frequency f_i for a selected period,

(vi) receiving and demodulating the digitally modulating the periodically generated EM alternating current produced down-hole at ground surface to provide the periodic acknowledgement signal,

(vii) switching the frequency of the EM alternating current produced by the surface electrical current generator to successively lower frequencies is f_x and switching the bandwidth at which EM currents are received down-hole to successively lower bandwidths B_x in an absence of receipt of a periodic acknowledgement signal until successive acknowledgement signals are received, the frequency of EM alternating currents then being generated by the surface generator being the frequency of the desired EM control and transmission currents.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the steps of detecting which frequency of the generated EM transmission current that produces said particular EM transmission current at ground surface, (step b), and which frequency of generated EM control current that produces said particular EM control current in the drill collar module (step k) further include the steps of:

(i) generating an electromagnetic (EM) alternating current with a first one of the down-hole and surface electrical current generators at a frequency f_i chosen from a predetermined set of frequencies f₁, f₂, . . . f_n according to a preset start-up program,

(ii) detecting EM currents at ground surface and down-hole across a bandwidth B_i corresponding to the frequency f_i, chosen from a predetermined set of bandwidths B₁, B₂, . . . B_n according to a preset start-up program,

(iii) sensing whether the EM alternating currents received at ground surface and down-hole are within the bandwidth B_i,

(iv) periodically generating a second EM alternating current with the other (second) of the ground surface and down-hole electrical current generators at the frequency f_i of the EM alternating currents received,

(v) digitally modulating the periodically generated second EM alternating current with an acknowledgement signal contingent upon continuous receipt of the EM alternating current generated by the first generator at the frequency f_i for a selected period,

(vi) receiving and demodulating the digitally modulating the periodically generated second EM alternating current at ground surface and down-hole to provide the necessary periodic acknowledgement signal,

(vii) switching the frequency of the EM alternating current produced by the first electrical current generator to successively lower frequencies f_x chosen from the predetermined set of frequencies f₁, f₂, . . . f_n according to the preset start-up program, and switching the bandwidth for receiving EM alternating currents to successively lower bandwidths B_x corresponding to the frequency f_x, chosen from a predetermined set of bandwidths B₁, B₂, . . . B_n according to the preset start-up program in the absence of a periodic acknowledgement signal until successive acknowledgement signals are received, the frequency of EM alternating currents then being generated by the down-hole generator being the frequency of the desired EM control and transmission currents.

5. The method of claim 2 wherein the steps of detecting which frequency of the generated EM transmission current that produces said particular EM transmission current at ground surface, (step b), and which frequency of generated EM control current that produces said particular EM control current in the drill collar module (step k) further includes the step of:

(i) sweeping a range of frequencies with one the generated EM transmission current and control currents;

(ii) measuring the current drawn from the particular electrical generator as the particular generated EM current sweeps through the frequency range to find a particular frequency for which a maximum current is drawn, that frequency being the desired frequency for both the EM transmission and control currents.

6. The method of claims 3, 4 or 5 wherein after setting the respective electrical current generators to generate the EM transmission and control currents at said particular frequency f₁ including the further the steps of:

(t) switching the frequency of the EM alternating current produced by the particular electrical current generator to successively frequencies f₂, f₃, . . . f_z, while simultaneously

(u) switching the bandwidth for receiving the particular EM alternating current produced to bandwidths B₂, B₃, . . . B_z,

(v) verifying receipt of the particular EM alternating currents at the respective frequencies with the particular periodically generated EM alternating current digitally modulated with the acknowledgement signal,

(w) remembering the particular frequencies and bandwidths for which acknowledgement signals were received, and

(x) upon loss of an acknowledgement signal, simultaneously switching (i) the respective electrical current generators to generate the EM transmission and control currents, and (ii) the bandwidths of the respective receivers to receive at one of the particular frequency f_z for which an acknowledgement signal has been received.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the respective frequencies f₂, f₃, . . . f_z and bandwidths B₂ B₃. . . B_z are incremently lower than f₁ and B₁.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the respective frequencies f₂, f₃, . . . f_z and bandwidths B₂ B₃. . . B_z are incrementally higher than f₁ and B₁.

15. The method of claim 3, 4 or 5 wherein the steps of modulating the EM transmission current (step f), and of modulating the EM control current (step n) further include the steps of:

(1) selecting a series of digital signal modulation modes M_x from a predetermined set of such modulation modes M₁, M₂, . . . M_n according to a preset start-up program,

(2) modulating at least one of the particular periodically generated EM alternating currents with the acknowledgement signal using each modulation mode M₁,

(3) receiving and demodulating the particular digitally modulated periodically generated EM alternating currents according to the preset program using converses of the modulation modes M₁, M₂, . . . M_n,

(4) comparing quality of the respective acknowledgement signals received and demodulated from the particular periodically generated EM alternating current,

(5) choosing an initial modulation mode M_i that produces a desired quality to the acknowledgement signal received and demodulated from the particular periodically generated EM alternating current, and thereafter

(6) modulating and demodulating the transmission and control currents with the respective digital transmission data and instruction signals using the initial modulation mode M_i.

16. The method of claim 15 after choosing the initial modulation mode M_i and upon loss of the desired quality in the acknowledgement signal received and demodulated from the particular periodically generated EM alternating current, further including the step of:

(7) modulating and demodulating at least one of the particular periodically generated EM alternating currents with the acknowledgement signal using a subsequent modulation mode M_s from the predetermined set of modulation modes according to a pre-set loss-of-signal program, and upon failure to obtain a satisfactory acknowledgement signal from the received and demodulated periodically generated EM alternating current repeating steps 2 through 6.

9. An electromagnetic (EM) wave telemetry system for communicating data from down-hole sensing devices contained in a down-hole module in a very deep well to a ground surface station comprising, in combination:

(a) an electrically conductive pipe string mechanically coupling the down-hole module to the surface station;

(b) a down-hole electrical current generator contained in said down-hole module for generating an alternating electromagnetic (EM) transmission current in the pipe string and underground strata;

(c) module frequency control means operatively coupled to said down-hole current generator for controllably causing said down-hole current generator to generate EM transmission currents over a range of frequencies;

(d) surface receiver means for detecting which particular frequency of the EM transmission currents generated by said down-hole current generator produces an EM transmission current having a first particular characteristic as detected at ground surface;

(e) a surface electrical current generator for producing a first EM transmission current in said pipe string and underground strata corresponding in frequency to that of the detected EM transmission current having said first particular characteristic;

(f) down-hole receiver means for receiving said first EM transmission current generated by said surface generator and for causing said down-hole current generator to generate a second EM transmission current at the frequency of said detected EM transmission current;

(g) analogue-to-digital (A/D) means for converting analogue data signals developed by said down-hole sensing devices into digital electrical data signals;

(h) down-hole microprocessor means located in said down-hole module for receiving said digital data signals and for logically operating on said digital data signals according to a first program stored in a first programmable read only memory (PROM), a first random access memory (RAM), and a first electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert said digital data signals into digital transmission data signals;

(i) down-hole modulator means for modulating said first EM transmission current with said digital transmission data signals, said surface receiver means being operative to detect the modulated first EM transmission current at ground surface;

(j) surface demodulator means for receiving output signals developed by said surface receiver means and for converting the detected modulated EM transmission current into a digital data string;

(k) a surface data processor means for receiving and logically operating on said digital data string according to a second program stored in a second programmable read only memory (PROM), a second random access memory (RAM), and a second electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert said digital data string into analogue data reflecting down-hole conditions detected by said down-hole sensing devices.

10. The system of claim 9 further including:

(l) surface frequency control means operatively coupled to said surface current generator for controllably causing it to generate EM control currents over a range of frequencies;

(m) a down-hole receiver means for detecting which frequency of the generated EM control currents produces an EM control current having a second particular characteristic as detected in said module, said down-hole electrical current generator producing a periodic first electromagnetic (EM) control current in said pipe string and underground strata corresponding in frequency to that of the detected EM control current having said second particular characteristic;

(n) means for receiving said first EM control current generated by said down-hole electrical current generator and for causing said surface electrical current generator to generate a second EM control current at the frequency of said first EM control current, said surface data processor means receiving digital programing signals contained within said first EM control current and logically operating thereon according to programs stored in said second programmable read only memory (PROM), said second random access memory (RAM) and said second electrically erasable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert said digital programming signals into digital instruction signals;

(o) surface modulator means for modulating said second EM control current with said digital instruction signals, said down-hole receiver means being operative to detect the modulated second EM control current down-hole in the module and to generate corresponding output signals;

(p) down-hole demodulator means for receiving said output signals and for converting signals contained within said modulated second EM control current into an instructional digital data string, said down-hole microprocessor means logically operating on said instructional digital data string according to programs stored in said first programmable read only memory (PROM), said first random access memory (RAM), and said first electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to convert said instructional digital data string into a set of instructions for programming said down-hole microprocessor to control i) collection of analogue data signals from said down-hole sensing devices, ii) generation of said second EM transmission current, and iii) modulation of said second EM transmission current with said digital transmission data signals.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein;

(i) said surface frequency control means causes said surface electrical current generator to generate said second EM control current at a frequency fi contingent upon receipt of a periodic acknowledgement signal from said surface demodulator means,

(ii) said module frequency control means causes said down-hole electrical current generator to generate said second transmission current at the frequency fi, and

(v) said down-hole modulator means includes digital modulating means for modulating said second EM transmission current with periodic acknowledgement signals contingent upon continuous receipt of said second EM control current generated by said surface generator at the frequency fi for a selected period, said surface demodulator means digitally demodulating said first EM control current generated down-hole to provide said acknowledgement signal, said surface control means switching the frequency of said first EM transmission current generated by said surface electrical current generator to successively lower frequencies fx in an absence of receipt of said acknowledgement signal until successive acknowledgement signals are received, the frequency of said first EM transmission currents then generated by said surface generator being at the frequency fi.

12. The system of claim 10 wherein;

(i) said down-hole control means causes said down-hole electrical current generator to generate said second EM transmission current at a frequency fi contingent upon receipt of a periodic acknowledgement signal from said down-hole demodulator,

(ii) said surface control means periodically causes said surface electrical current generator to generate said first EM transmission current at the frequency fi, and

(v) said surface modulator means includes digital modulating means for modulating said first EM transmission current with an acknowledgement signal contingent upon continuous receipt of said second EM transmission current generated by said down-hole generator at the frequency fi for a selected period, said down-hole demodulator digitally demodulating said first EM transmission current to provide said acknowledgement signal, said down-hole control means switching the frequency of said second EM transmission current generated by said down-hole electrical current generator to successively lower frequencies fx in an absence of receipt of a periodic acknowledgement signal until successive acknowledgement signals are received, the frequency of EM transmission currents then generated by said down-hole generator being at the frequency fi.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein the respective means for setting the respective electric current generators to generate the respective EM transmission and control currents at the detected frequency (d &

m), each comprise in combination,

means controlling one of the surface and module electric current generators for sweeping a range of frequencies with one the generated EM transmission current and control currents;

means measuring the current drawn from the particular electrical generator as the particular generated EM current sweeps through the frequency range for finding the particular frequency f_m at which maximum current is drawn, that frequency being the desired frequency for both the EM transmission and control currents, and respective surface and down-hole control, the respective surface and down-hole frequency control means setting the respective surface and down-hole EM alternating current generators to generate the respective EM control and transmission currents at the frequency f_m.

14. The system of claim 11, or 12 wherein the the respective electric current generators are generating transmission and control currents at a desired frequency f₁, and further including,

(u) surface and down-hole switching means for switching the frequency of the respective EM alternating control and transmission currents generated by the particular electrical current generator to successive frequencies f₂, f₃, . . . f_z, and switching the bandwidth of the particular receiver means to receive the particular EM current generated to bandwidths B₂, B₃, . . . B_z, the respective frequency control means setting the respective electric current generators to generate the respective periodic EM currents at the detected frequency verifying receipt of the particular EM transmission and control currents at the respective frequencies,

(v) memory means for remembering the particular frequencies and bandwidths for which acknowledgement signals were received, whereby, upon loss of an acknowledgement signal at the module or ground surface, the particular processor instructs the particular switching means to simultaneously switch i) the particular electrical current generator to generate the EM transmission or control current, and ii) the bandwidths of the surface or down-hole receiver to receive at one of the particular frequency f_z for which an acknowledgement signal had previously been received.

17. The system of claim 14 further including:

(w) digital signal modulation means having a predetermined set of modulation modes M₁, M₂, . . . M_n for modulating at least one of the particular periodically generated EM alternating currents with the acknowledgement signal using each modulation mode M₁ according to a preset program, the particular demodulator means receiving and demodulating the particular digitally modulated, periodically generated EM alternating current using converses of the modulation modes M₁, M₂, . . . M_n,

(x) signal quality comparison means receiving the acknowledgement signals demodulated from the particular periodically generated, digitally modulated EM alternating current for choosing a modulation mode M_d that produces a desired quality to the acknowledgement signal demodulated from the particular periodically generated EM alternating current, whereby, the transmission and control currents are thereafter modulated and demodulated with the respective digital transmission data and instruction signals using the modulation mode M_d.

18. The system of claim 9 wherein the down-hole electrical current generator in the module comprises in combination,

a first annular insulative region of the module composed of an electrically insulative material interrupting the electrical continuity of the drill string providing two electrically isolated sections of the drill string,

means for oscillating an electrical potential difference between the respective electrically isolated sections of the drill string,

a second annular insulative region of the module composed of an electrically insulative material also interrupting the electrical continuity of the drill string located below the first such annular region,

central contact means establishing electrical contact above and below the second annular insulative region for defining an electircal conduction path bridging the second annular insulative region, and

a toroidal transformer means for sensing electrical currents flowing through the electrical conduction path having an electrical impedance optimizing the section of the drill string below the first first annular insulative region for launching an electromagnetic (EM) current in combination with the section of the drill string above first annular insulative region.

19. The system of claim 18 wherein the down-hole receiver means comprises means for sensing frequency of oscillations of the electrical potential difference between the respective sections of the drill string above and below the first annular insulative region.

20. The system of claim 19 further including means oscillating an electrical potential difference between the respective sections of the drill string above and below the first annular insulative region for launching an electromagnetic (EM) excitation current into geological strata substantially below the down-hole module, the toroidal transformer means sensing electrical currents flowing across the electrical conduction path bridging the second annular insulative region providing a current signal reflective of a distribution of energy in a summation of such EM excitation currents as a function of time.