Switching regulator with rapid transient response

• US 4,761,722 A
• Filed: 04/09/1987
• Issued: 08/02/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 04/09/1987
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: RCA Corporation (General Electric Company)
• Inventors: Pruitt, Duard L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Salce, Patrick R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): STERRETT, JEFFREY L
• Application Number:
  US07/036,535
• Time in Patent Office: 481 Days
• Field of Search: 323/222, 323/224, 323/266, 363/17, 363/98, 363/124
• US Class Current: 363/17
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0032 Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/007 Plural converter units in cascade push-pull DC/DC converters with pre-regulator H02M3/3374; DC-AC converters following a DC-DC stage including a high frequency transformer H02M7/4807; DC-AC converters following a DC-DC conversion stage generating periodically varying voltages H02M7/4826
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1582 Buck-boost converters H02M3/1584 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/33573 Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

A switch-mode power supply includes the series combination of an inductor and a controllable switch adapted to be coupled to a voltage source for producing a succession of increasing and decreasing ramp currents through the inductor. The average value of the ramp currents is controlled by a feedback loop. A second controllable switch arrangement is coupled for causing the current leaving the inductor to recirculate through the inductor during those intervals in which the second switch is conductive. An integrator is coupled to the inductor for integrating ramp current from the inductor during those intervals in which the second switch is nonconductive, for generating load voltage. A second feedback arrangement senses the load voltage and controls the average conduction of the second switch to control the load voltage. In one embodiment, an inverter receives ramp current from the inductor and generates alternating current, which are transformed and rectified before application to the integrator.

Claims

1. A switching regulator, comprising:

inductance means;

controllable first switch means serially coupled with said inductant means for forming a series combination of two elements, said series combination of two elements being adapted to be coupled to a source of direct voltage for, when said first switch means is in a conductive condition, causing an increasing ramp current through said indutance means as energy is stored in the magnetic fields associated therewith, and for, when said first switch means is in a nonconductive condition, causing decreasing ramp current in said inductance means;

first control means coupled to said first switch means and to said inductance means for sensing said increasing and decreasing ramp currents and for recurrently operating said first switch means between said conductive and said nonconductive conditions for maintaining said ramp currents substantially constant, thereby forming a controlled direct current;

coupling and integrating means coupled to said inductant means and adapted to be coupled to utilization means for receiving at least a portion of said controlled direct current and for producing a direct load voltage in responsve to the average value thereof for utilization by said utilization means, said coupling and integrating means further including transformer means including primary and secondary windings, inverter means coupled to said inductance means and to said transformers means for receiving at least said portion of said controlled direct current and for applying said controlled direct current so received to said primary winding, and for periodically reversing the direction of flow of said controlled directed current so received through said primary winding, for generating an alternating current in said secondary winding, and rectifying and filtering means coupled to said secondary winding for rectifying and integrating said alternating current for producing said direct load voltage;

controllable second switch means coupled to said inductance means for selectively short-circuiting said inductance means for causing said controlled direct current to bypass said coupling and integrating means and to circulate instead through said inductance means; and

second control means coupled to said second switch means and said coupling and integrating means for sensing said direct load voltage and for recurrently controlling the operating condition of said second switch means for maintaining said average value of said direct load voltage substantially constant.

2. A switching regulator according to claim 1 wherein:

said series combination of two elements is serially coupled with said coupling and integrating means for forming three-element series combination; and

said three-element series combination is adapted to be coupled across first and second terminals of said source of direct voltage for being energized thereby.

3. A switching regulator according to claim 1 wherein:

said first switch means is adapted to be coupled to said first terminal of a source of direct voltage;

said coupling and integrating means is adapted to be coupled to a second terminal of said source of direct voltage; and

said inductance means is coupled at a juncture to said first switch means and is also coupled to said coupling and integrating means; and

further comprising

free-wheeling diode means adapted to be coupled to said second terminal of said source of direct voltage and to said juncture of said inductance means and said first switch means for allowing said decreasing ramp current to flow through said inductance means during those intervals in which said first switch means is nonconductive.

4. A switching regulator according to claim 1 wherein said inverter periodically reverses said direction of flow of said controlled direct current at a frequency higher than the switching frequency of said second switch means.

5. A regulated voltage supply, comprising:

inductance means;

controllable first switch means coupled with said inductance means for forming a combination of two elements, said combination of two elements being adapted to be coupled to a source of direct voltage for, when said first switch means is in a conductive state, causing an increasing ramp current through said inductance means as energy is stored in the magnetic fields associated therewith, and for, when said first switch means is in a nonconductive state, causing a decreasing ramp current in said inductance means;

current sensing means coupled to said combination of two elements for sensing said increasing and decreasing ramp currents and for generating a current-representative voltage;

current control means coupled to said first switch means and to said current sensing means for sensing said increasing and decreasing ramp currents and for recurrently operating said first switch means between said conductive and nonconductive states for maintaining said ramp currents substantially constant, thereby forming a controlled direct current;

a transformer including primary and secondary windings;

switching bridge inverter means coupled to said series combination of two elements for receiving at least a portion of said controlled direct current therefrom, and coupled to said primary winding of said transformer for applying said portion of said controlled direct current to said primary winding in an alternating manner for thereby transforming alternating current to said secondary winding;

full wave rectifying means coupled to said secondary winding for rectifying said alternating current to produce pulsating direct voltage;

capacitance means coupled to said full wave rectifying means for averaging said pulsating direct voltage to produce an output voltage adapted to be utilized by utilization means;

controllable second switch means coupled to said inductance means for selectively short-circuiting said inductance means for causing said controlled direct current to bypass said switching bridge inverter means and to circulate instead through said inductance means, whereby said portion of said controlled direct current is received by said switching bridge inverter means during those times in which said controllable second switch means is in a nonconductive state; and

voltage regulation means coupled to said capacitance means and to said controllable second switch means for recurrently changing the state of said controllable second switch means between said conductive state and said nonconductive state in response to said output voltage for closing a voltage-controlling degenerative feedback loop which tends to maintain said output voltage constant.

6. A supply according to claim 5 further comprising second rectifying means coupled to said inductance means for conducting said decreasing ramp current during those intervals in which said first switch means is nonconductive.

7. A supply according to claim 5 wherein said voltage regulation means comprises pulse width modulation means.

8. A supply according to claim 5 further comprising controllable third switch means including a terminal adapted to be coupled to said source of direct voltage and also including a second terminal, and wherein said controllable first switch means comprises a terminal adapted to be coupled to said source of direct voltage and a second terminal, said third and first switch means being alternately enabled by said current control means;

and wherein

said current sensing means comprises transformer means including a primary winding coupled at first and second ends to said second terminals of said third and first controllable switch means, said primary winding including a center-tap adapted for carrying said increasing and decreasing ramp currents, said transformer means further including a secondary winding for generating a sample of said increasing and decreasing ramp currents, said current sensing means further comprising second rectifying means coupled to said secondary winding for generating said current-representative voltage.

9. A switching regulator, comprising

inductance means;

controllable first switch means serially coupled with said inductance means for forming a series combination of two elements, said series combination of two elements being adapted to be coupled to a source of direct voltage for, when said first switch means is in a conductive condition, causing an increasing ramp current through said inductance means as energy is stored in the magnetic fields associated therewith, and for, when said first switch means is in a nonconductive condition, causing a decreasing ramp current in said inductance means;

first control means coupled to said first switch means and to said inductance means for sensing said increasing and decreasing ramp currents and for recurrently operating said first switch means between said conductive and said nonconductive conditions for maintaining said ramp currents substantially constant, thereby forming a controlled direct current;

coupling and integrating means coupled to said inductance means and adapted to be coupled to utilization means for receiving at least a portion of said controlled direct current and for producing a direct load voltage in response to the average value thereof for utilization by said utilization means, said coupling and integrating means further including

transformer means including primary and secondary windings for producing alternating secondary current in said secondary winding in response to alternating primary current applied to said primary winding;

rectifying and filtering means coupled to said secondary winding for rectifying and integrating said alternating secondary current to produce said direct load voltage;

controllable second switch means coupled to said inductance means and to said primary winding for selectively short-circuit said inductance means for causing said controlled direct current to bypass said coupling and integration means and to circulate instead through said inductance means, and for applying at least said portion of said controlled direct current to said primary winding as said primary current, and for periodically reversing the direction of flow of said controlled direct current through said primary winding for generating said alternating secondary current; and

second control means coupled to said second switch means and to said coupling and integrating means for sensing said direct load voltage and for recurrently controlling the operating condition of said second switch means for maintaining said average value of said direct load voltage substantially constant.

10. A switching regulator according to claim 9 wherein:

said first switch means is adapted to be coupled to a first terminal of said source of direct voltage;

said inductance means includes first and second ends, and said first end is coupled at a juncture to said first switch means; and

said second switch means comprises a four-switch bridge including a first pair of terminals including first and second terminals adapted to be coupled for receiving current, and also comprises a second pair of terminals including third and fourth terminals adapted to be coupled to a load, said first terminal of said first pair of terminals being coupled to said second end of said inductance means, and said second terminal of said first pair of terminals being adapted to be coupled to said second terminal of said source of direct voltage, and said second pair of terminals of said bridge being coupled to said primary winding.