Solid electrolyte fuel cell and assembly

• US 4,770,955 A
• Filed: 04/28/1987
• Issued: 09/13/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 04/28/1987
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Standard Oil Company The 200 Public Square Cleveland Ohio
• Original Assignee: Standard Oil Company (BP PLC)
• Inventors: Ruhl, Robert C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Skapars, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US07/043,615
• Time in Patent Office: 504 Days
• Field of Search: 429/31-35, 429/38, 429/39, 429/218
• US Class Current: 429/460
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0625 in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/1231 with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/243 Grouping of unit cells of tubular or cylindrical configuration
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/2432 Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

An improved fuel cell assembly includes a plurality of series-connected fuel cells each including an electrically conductive separator, a compressed or sintered oxide powder cathode contacting the separator, a solid electrolyte contacting the cathode and a compressed or sintered powder anode contacting the electrolyte. Each of the separator, anode, electrolyte and cathode includes two internal holes each at least partially in registration with each other so that a fuel and an oxygen-containing gas may be admitted to separate tubes in the cell. Preferably, a gasket is disposed in the opening in the cathode receiving the fuel to shield the cathode from the fuel. A second gasket is disposed in the opening in the anode receiving the oxygen-containing gas to shield the anode from oxygen. Oxygen admitted to one of the tubes reaches the anode by first diffusing through the cathode and then being ionically conducted through the electrolyte to the anode. Oxygen at the anode reacts with the fuel, releasing heat. A peripheral barrier may partially protect the anode from oxygen. In an alternative embodiment, each of the elements of the cell includes only one hole, all of which may be aligned to form a single tube for admitting fuel. In that embodiment, oxygen diffuses from outside the cell, through pores in the cathode. In other embodiments, a single central fuel tube may have a plurality of oxygen supply tubes.

Claims

1. A fuel cell for oxidizing a fuel to produce electrical energy comprising:

a plate-like, gas-impervious separator including a first internal hole passing through said first separator for receiving a gaseous fuel;

a plate-like oxide powder cathode in contact with said first separator and including a second internal hole passing through said cathode for receiving a gaseous fuel, said second hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole;

a plate-like, gas-impervious solid electrolyte in contact with said cathode and including a third internal hole passing through said electrolyte, said third hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole;

a substantially gas-impervious tubular gasket disposed within said second hole and sealingly contacting said electrolyte to protect said cathode from fuel within said first hole; and

a plate-like powder anode in contact with said solid electrolyte and including a fourth internal hole passing through said anode, said fourth hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole.

2. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein at least one of said cathode and anode is sintered.

3. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said cathode comprises an oxide powder having a perovskite crystalline form.

4. The fuel cell of claim 3 wherein said cathode comprises lanthanum manganite.

5. The fuel cell of claim 4 wherein said cathode includes strontium as a dopant in substitution for some of the lanthanum.

6. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said solid electrolyte comprises stabilized zirconia.

7. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said anode comprises nickel powder.

8. The fuel cell of claim 7 wherein said anode comprises a blend of nickel powder and zirconia powder.

9. The fuel cell of claim 1 including a peripheral barrier for partially protecting said anode from oxygen in the ambient of said fuel cell.

10. The fuel cell of claim 9 wherein said barrier comprises one of zirconia and powdered nickel.

11. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said gasket comprises a glass tube.

12. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said separator, said cathode, said electrolyte, said anode, respectively include fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth holes for receiving an oxygen-bearing gas, said sixth, seventh and eight holes each being in at least partial registration with said fifth hole, and a second substantially gas-impervious tubular gasket disposed within said eighth hole and sealingly contacting said electrolyte to protect said anode from oxygen within said fifth hole.

13. The fuel cell of claim 12 wherein said second gasket comprises a glass tube.

14. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said separator is a metallic alloy.

15. A fuel cell assembly for oxidizing a fuel to produce electrical energy comprising:

a plurality of fuel cells electrically connected in series, said fuel cells comprising a gas-impervious plate-like separator including a first internal hole passing through said first separator for receiving a gaseous fuel;

a plate-like oxide powder cathode in contact with said separator and including a second internal hole passing through said cathode for receiving a gaseous fuel, said second hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole;

a plate-like, gas-impervious solid electrolyte in contact with said cathode and including a third internal hole passing through said electrolyte, said third hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole;

a substantially gas-impervious tubular gasket disposed within said second hole and sealingly contacting said electrolyte to protect said cathode from fuel within said first hole;

a plate-like powder anode in contact with said solid electrolyte and including a fourth internal hole passing through said anode, said fourth hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole;

a first end connection including an electrically conducting contact for establishing an electrical connection to a cathode of said plurality of fuel cells and a conduit in at least partial registration with said first hole for admitting a gaseous fuel thereto; and

a second end connection including an electrically conducting contact for establishing electrical connection to an anode in said plurality of fuel cells.

16. The fuel assembly of claim 15 wherein at least one of said cathodes and anodes is sintered.

17. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 wherein said cathode comprises lanthanum manganite.

18. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 wherein said solid electrolyte comprises stabilized zirconia.

19. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 wherein said anode comprises nickel powder.

20. The fuel cell of claim 19 wherein said anode comprises a blend of nickel powder and zirconia powder.

21. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 including a peripheral barrier for protecting said anode from oxygen in the ambient of said fuel cell.

22. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 wherein said gasket comprises a glass tube.

23. The fuel cell assembly of claim 15 wherein said separators are a metallic alloy.

34. The fuel cell assembly of claim 23 wherein said separators are a metallic alloy.

24. A fuel cell assembly for oxidizing a fuel to produce electrical energy comprising:

a plurality of fuel cells electrically connected in series, said fuel cells comprising a plate-like, gas-impervious separator including first and second internal holes passing through said first separator, said first hole for receiving a gaseous fuel and said second hole for receiving an oxygen-bearing gas;

a plate-like oxide powder cathode in contact with said separator and including third and fourth internal holes passing through said cathode, said third hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole and said fourth hole being in at least partial registration with said second hole;

a plate-like, gas-impervious solid electrolyte in contact with said cathode and including fifth and sixth holes passing through said electrolyte, said fifth hole being in at least partial retistration with said first hole and said sixth hole being in at least partial registration with said second hole;

a first substantially gas-impervious tubular gasket disposed within said third hole and sealingly contacting said electrolyte to protect said cathode from fuel within said first hole;

a plate-like powder anode in contact with said solid electrolyte and including seventh and eighth holes passing through said anode, said seventh hole being in at least partial registration with said first hole and said eighth hole being in at least partial registration with said second hole;

a second substantially gas-impervious tubular gasket disposed within said eighth hole and sealingly contacting said electrolyte to protect said anode from fuel within said second hole;

a first end connection including an electrically conducting contact for establishing electrical connection to a cathode of said plurality of fuel cells and a conduit in at least partial registration with said first hole for admitting a gaseous fuel thereto; and

a second end connection including an electrically conducting contact for establishing electrical connection to an anode of said plurality of fuel cells and a second conduit in at least partial registration with said second hole for admitting a oxygen-bearing gas thereto.

25. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 wherein said cathode comprises lanthanum manganite.

26. The fuel cell assembly of claim 25 wherein said cathode includes strontium as a dopant in substitution for some of the lanthanum.

27. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 wherein said solid electrolyte comprises stabilized zirconia.

28. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 wherein said anode comprises nickel powder.

29. The fuel cell of claim 28 wherein said anode comprises a blend of nickel powder and zirconia powder.

30. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 wherein said first and second gaskets comprise glass tubes.

31. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 wherein at least one of said cathodes and anodes is sintered.

32. The fuel cell assembly of claim 24 including a peripheral barrier for partially protecting said anode from oxygen in the ambient of said assembly.

33. The fuel cell assembly of claim 32 wherein said barrier comprises one of zirconia and powdered nickel.