Apparatus for liquid chromatography
First Claim
1. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
- pumping system means;
means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid from the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow;
means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, the pressure of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means;
means for estimating the equilibrium pressure from said measurements of said pressure made at a low value pressure;
means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid from the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured pressure until said pressure reaches said estimated equilibrium pressure;
said means for estimating including means for taking the time derivative of said measured pressure at first and second times and means for multiplying a value equal to substantially the pressure of the fluid being transferred between the pumping system and the chromatographic system at the second point in time by a factor which is the ratio of the value of the time derivative at the second point in time subtracted from the time derivative at the first point in time divided into the time derivative at the first point in time; and
means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow after said pressure reaches equilibrium.
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Accused Products
Abstract
To stabilize flow rate in a single-stroke, syringe-type high pressure pump to a constant value after turn-on, a control system increases the pump speed until equilibrium conditions are reached and then pumps at the preset rate. In one embodiment, the control system senses the maximum rate of change of pressure, detects a pressure when the rate of change is two-thirds of the maximum, increases the pump rate until the pressure is three times that at the value of the detected pressure and begins pumping at the preset constant flow rate.
In other embodiments: (1) a pumping system is operated at a flow rate ten times the preset flow rate and, when the time derivative of the pressure has dropped to nine tenths of its maximum, the pump motor speed is reduced to the preset flow rate; (2) the outflow of the column is measured under no load conditions at the desired flow rate and when a column is connected, the pumping speed is increased until the same outflow results before reducing the pumping rate, and (3) the system is operated in a constant pressure mode to a point at which the pressure is estimated to provide the desired flow rate, the flow rate measured, and if the flow rate is not the preset one, a new pressure measurement is set and the procedure repeated.
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Citations
66 Claims
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1. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
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pumping system means; means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid from the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow; means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, the pressure of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means; means for estimating the equilibrium pressure from said measurements of said pressure made at a low value pressure; means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid from the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured pressure until said pressure reaches said estimated equilibrium pressure; said means for estimating including means for taking the time derivative of said measured pressure at first and second times and means for multiplying a value equal to substantially the pressure of the fluid being transferred between the pumping system and the chromatographic system at the second point in time by a factor which is the ratio of the value of the time derivative at the second point in time subtracted from the time derivative at the first point in time divided into the time derivative at the first point in time; and means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow after said pressure reaches equilibrium. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
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11. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
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pumping system means; means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid from the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow; means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, a characteristic of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means related to the pressure of the fluid; means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid from the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured characteristic until the equilibrium value of pressure is reached; means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow; said means for measuring including means for measuring the fluid outflow from the chromatographic means and for providing a signal proportional thereto; and said means for increasing including control means responsive to said means for measuring for controlling the rate at which fluid is pumped to the chromatographic means to cause the outflow to be at a predetermined rate. - View Dependent Claims (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20)
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21. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
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pumping system means; means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid form the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow; means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, a characteristic of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means related to the pressure of the fluid; means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid form the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured characteristic until the equilibrium value of the pressure is reached; means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow; said means for inreasing the rate of flow including a means for controlling the rate of advance of a syringe pump; said chromatographic means being a high pressure micro-scale chromatographic system; means for measuring a characteristic of the chromatograph that is inversely related to said pressure; and means for setting up a proportion between the measured pressure and the range of said dynamic characteristic, whereby any other pressure may be calculated. - View Dependent Claims (22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)
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29. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
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pumping system means; means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid from the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow; means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, a characteristic of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means related to the pressure of the fluid; means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid from the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured characteristic until the equilibrium value of pressure is reached; means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow; said means for measuring includes means for measuring the pressure of the fluid being transferred between said pumping system means and said chromatographic means at a low value; said means for increasing the pressure including means for increasing the speed of the pump in a constant pressure mode, a comparator, means for deriving a signal representing the speed of the pump, means for deriving a signal representing the difference between the pump head pressure and a predetermined pressure, means for obtaining a signal representing the pump speed, said means for obtaining a signal representing the difference between the pump head pressure and the set pressure being attached to different ones of the inputs of said comparator and the output of said comparator being electrically connected to a means for controlling the speed of the motor, whereby the speed of the motor is raised to said set pressure in said constant pressure mode. - View Dependent Claims (30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36)
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37. Apparatus for rapidly bringing a chromatographic means to equilibrium pressure comprising:
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pumping system means; means for setting a pumping speed for pumping fluid from the pumping system means into said chromatographic means at a predetermined rate of flow; means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system means and before equilibrium pressure is reached and at a time of a low value of pressure of said fluid, a characteristic of said fluid being transferred from the pumping system means to the chromatographic means related to the pressure of the fluid; means for increasing the rate of flow of fluid from the pumping system means under the control of at least said measured characteristic until the equilibrium value of pressure is reached; means for reducing said rate of flow from the pumping system means to said predetermined rate of flow; said means for measuring includes means for measuring the pressure of the fluid being transferred between said pumping system means and said chromatographic means at a low value; said means for measuring including means for taking the derivative of the head pressure with respect to time, means for setting predetermined pressure, means for comparing the predetermined pressure with the head pressure to obtain a signal indicating the difference between the two, means for detecting when the time derivative of the pressure with respect to time and the difference signal are both substantially zero, whereby the end of the transitory period is indicated and means for detecting when the head pressure of the pump is near zero and increasing rapidly, whereby the starting point of the transitory period is detected.
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38. Apparatus for providing a chromatogram having equal units of flow rate as the abscissae during a constant pressure chromatographic run comprising:
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a pumping system for solvent; chromatographic column means for receiving solvent from the pumping system and eluting constituents of a sample; means for detecting said constituents of said sample as they are eluted from the column system; means for recording the detected components of said sample detected by said means for detecting; means for measuring the rate of flow of said fluid; and means responsive to the means for measuring for controlling the means for recording so that the abscissae of the chromatogram is related to the rate of flow of said fluid. - View Dependent Claims (39)
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40. Apparatus for making a constant-pressure chromatogram in which the time abscissae is corrected so as to correspond to constant units of flow rate per unit time, comprising:
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means for measuring the flow rate during operation of the chromatograph; a chart recorder; said chart recorder being adapted to hold a paper for the making of a chromatogram means for driving the chart recorder; and means for causing the chart recorder to be driven at a speed directly proportional to the rate of flow of fluid through the chromatograph. - View Dependent Claims (41, 42)
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43. Apparatus for predicting the pressure in a chromatographic system having a pumping system and a solvent receiving system comprising:
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means for measuring, after start up of the pumping system but before the pressure reaches a constant value, the pressure at which the pumping system supplies liquid to the solvent receiving system; means for measuring a characteristic of the chromatograph that is inversely related to said pressure; and means for setting up a proportion between the measured pressure and the range of said dynamic characteristic, whereby any other pressure may be calculated. - View Dependent Claims (44, 45, 46)
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47. Apparatus for controlling a chromatograph comprising:
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chromatographic means; pumping system means for applying solvent to the chromatographic means; means for injecting samples into the chromatographic means, whereby the solvent will elute constituents of the samples; means for measuring the fluid outflow from the chromatographic means for providing a signal proportional thereto; and control means responsive to said signal for controlling the rate at which solvent is applied to the chromatographic column to cause the outflow to be at a predetermined rate. - View Dependent Claims (48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56)
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57. Apparatus for detecting the transitory period of a chromatograph having a pumping system, and a chromatographic column system comprising:
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means for measuring the head pressure of the pumping system; means for taking the derivative of the head pressure with respect to time; means for setting a desired pressure; means for comparing the desired pressure with the head pressure to obtain a signal indicating the difference between the two; means for detecting when the time derivative of the pressure with respect to time and the difference signal are both substantially zero, whereby the end of the transitory period is indicated; and means for detecting when the head pressure of the pump is near zero and increasing rapidly, whereby the starting point of the transitory period is detected.
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58. Apparatus for predicting the pressure at equilibrium in a chromatographic system having a pumping system and a fluid receiving system comprising:
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means for measuring the pressure at start up of the pumping system in the fluid being transferred from the pumping system to the fluid receiving system; means for taking the time derivative of said measured pressure; and means for multiplying the pressure of the fluid being transferred between the pumping system and the chromatographic system by a factor which is the ratio of the value of the time derivative at the same point in time subtracted from the maximum time derivative divided by the maximum time derivative. - View Dependent Claims (59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65)
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66. Apparatus for reducing the transitory time of a chromatograph including at least a pumping system means and a column means comprising:
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means for measuring the outflow of fluid from the column means; means for operating said chromatograph selected one of pump means for a constant flow rate or constant pressure operation from said column means while the speed of said pumping system means varies at the start of a chromatographic run; indicator means for indicating the pressure; means for rapidly increasing the pressure of said chromatograph to a predetermined pressure; means for determining when said chromatograph has reached a stable substantially constant pressure; and means for operating said pumping during a chromatographic run after said pressure has become substantially constant at a constant rate.
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Specification