Computer control

• US 4,782,327 A
• Filed: 01/02/1985
• Issued: 11/01/1988
• Est. Priority Date: 01/02/1985
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: ALTRA, 1200 SKYLINE DR.
• Original Assignee: Victor B. Kley
• Inventors: Talken, Daniel J., Kley, Victor B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Caldwell, Sr., John W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Queen, Tyrone
• Application Number:
  US06/688,444
• Time in Patent Office: 1,399 Days
• Field of Search: 340/365 P, 340/365 R, 340/709, 250/221, 178/18
• US Class Current: 341/2
• CPC Class Codes: G05G 2009/04759 Light-sensitive detector, e.g. photoelectric
• CPC Class Codes: G05G 9/047 the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks for switches H01H25/04
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0213 Arrangements providing an integrated pointing device in a keyboard, e.g. trackball, mini-joystick for pointing devices integrated in a laptop computer G06F1/169; joysticks G05G9/047; constructional details of pointing devices G06F3/033
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0312 for tracking the rotation of a spherical or circular member, e.g. optical rotary encoders used in mice or trackballs using a tracking ball or in mouse scroll wheels tracking relative movement in co-operation with a regularly or irregularly patterned surface, e.g. as in optical mice G06F3/0317; constructional details of scroll or thumb-wheels G06F3/0362; optical rotary encoders G01D5/3473
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0317 in co-operation with a patterned surface, e.g. absolute position or relative movement detection for an optical mouse or pen positioned with respect to a coded surface
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0321 by optically sensing the absolute position with respect to a regularly patterned surface forming a passive digitiser, e.g. pen optically detecting position indicative tags printed on a paper sheet constructional details of pen-shaped pointing devices G06F3/03545, G06F3/03542, G06F3/037
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/033 Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user , e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor digitisers characterised by the transducing means G06F3/041
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0338 with detection of limited linear or angular displacement of an operating part of the device from a neutral position, e.g. isotonic or isometric joysticks
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/03548 Sliders, in which the moving part moves in a plane

Abstract

A computer control includes a control member movably mounted for movement in two dimensions wherein orthogonally related gratings are moved to the corresponding directions to generate pairs of quadrature related signals. Circuitry produces binary signals defining four states for each cycle of quadrature signals to change a corresponding count indicating position of the control member. In another variation patterns each having a plurality of spots with a unique combination of gray levels are sensed by a rectangular array of photosensers to determine the position of the movable member.

Claims

1. A computer control comprising

a housing,

a finger element extending above the housing and adapted to be gripped and moved by fingers in at least two dimensions to selected positions,

a pair of movable members mounted in the housing and coupled to the finger element for movement in respective orthogonal directions in response to corresponding movement of the finger element,

each of said pair of movable members including a light control grating defining alternating light and dark patterns along the corresponding direction of movement,

light emitting means and light responsive means disposed alongside each of the respective light control gratings for responding to light changes due to movement of each respective grating relative thereto wherein each light responsive means generates a pair of signals having opposite quadrature related phases for indicating motion in respective plus and minus directions of movement, and

means responsive to the pairs of signals for providing digital data corresponding to the two dimensional position of the control member.

2. A control as claimed in claim 1 wherein the pair of movable members includes respective upper and lower plates which are slidable in respective orthogonal directions along their planes and which have respective slots extending orthogonal to the respective directions of movement of the plates, the finger element includes a stem extending through the slots of the respective plates and the housing includes means retaining the plates such that the plates are only movable in their corresponding directions of movement, the stem being slidable within the slot of the corresponding member when the movement is in the orthogonal direction.

3. A control as claimed in claim 2 wherein the plates are elongated in respective dimensions perpendicular to the directions of movement of the respective plates, and the plate retaining means includes wall means of the housing for slidingly engaging opposite ends of the plates to retain the plate means.

4. A control as claimed in claim 3 where the plates have respective perpendicular extensions on the opposite ends thereof for preventing twisting and binding thereof when sliding along the respective wall means.

5. A control as claimed in claim 3 wherein the plates have respective head portions at one ends thereof such that the head portions define respective head walls extending perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension of the respective plates and along the directions of movement thereof, the grating means being formed in the respective head walls.

6. A control as claimed in claim 5 wherein the head portions also define respective head grooves extending on the sides of the head walls adjacent the plates;

the gratings are formed by a pair of series of grating slots formed through the respective head walls wherein each grating slot extends perpendicular to the respective directions of movement and each series of grating slots extends along the direction of movement;

the light emitting means includes respective pairs of light emitting diodes mounted in the housing and extending in the respective head grooves for directing light toward the head walls;

the housing wall means includes a pair of housing wall recesses formed in the wall means alongside the respective head wall means; and

the light responsive means includes respective masks secured in the respective housing wall recesses, each mask includes a pair of mask slots aligned with the series of grating slots in the respective head wall, each of the mask slots extending perpendicularly to the direction of movement of the respective head wall, pairs of semiconductor light sensing elements mounted in the respective housing wall recess for sensing light passing through the respective mask slots, and each pair of mask slots having a spacing therebetween selected to produce the respective pair of signals with quadrature related phases.

7. A control as claimed in claim 6 wherein the mask slots have a length which differs substantially from the lenth of grating slots with the shorter slots being centered relative to the longer slots so slight transverse movements of the head portions relative to their directions of movement do not cause modulation of light passing through the grating slots and the mask slots.

8. A control as claimed in claim 1, wherein the finger element is pivotally mounted in the top of the housing by a ball joint and has a stem extending downward in the housing;

the pair of movable members are pivotally mounted in the housing for pivoting about respective orthogonal axes and each of the movable members includes an arcuate portion formed coaxial with the ball joint and including a slot in the arcuate portion co-planar with each respective member pivot axis for receiving the stem to couple the finger element to each movable member, and a sector portion with an apex on the respective member pivot axis and extending in a plane perpendicular to the member pivot axis wherein the respective grating is formed arcuately on each sector portion.

9. A control as claimed in claim 8 wherein the respective gratings are formed on arcuate flanges formed perpendicularly on the sectors.

10. A computer control as defined in claim 1 wherein the housing is adapted for being mounted underneath a cover of a keyboard, the finger element is adapted for extending upward through an opening in the cover of the keyboard, the finger element is movable within a plane extending parallel to the keyboard cover, and there is included a plate mounted over the housing for movement with the finger element and for extending relative to the opening in the computer keyboard cover for closing the opening.

11. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 including spring means for urging the finger element to a centered position relative to the movement in the two dimensions.

12. A computer control as claimed in claim 11 wherein the two dimensional movement of the finger element defines a rectangular area, and the spring means includes four springs extending diagonally in alignment with the four corners of the rectangular area so as to bias the finger element in a centered position.

13. a computer control as defined in claim 12 wherein the housing includes a top having a rectangular opening through which the finger element extends, there is included a collar on the finger element, and the four springs are tension springs mounted at one ends to the top at the respective corners of the rectangular opening and at the other ends to the collar.

14. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 wherein the upward extending finger element includes means extending into the housing for moving vertically relative thereto, means biasing the vertically movable means to an upward position, and means for detecting the downward vertical movement of the vertically movable means.

15. A computer control as claimed in claim 14 wherein the finger element includes a tubular member for movement in at least two dimensions, the vertically movable means includes a pin extending through the tubular member, the biasing means includes a spring biasing the pin upward, a vertically slidable cap secured over the upper end of the tubular member for engaging and moving the pin downward, a switch member mounted on the lower end of the pin member for movement therewith, and light sensing means for detecting the lower position of the switch member withn the housing for indicating depression of the cap.

16. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 including friction means for retarding movement of the finger element in one of the directions of movement thereof while permitting relatively free movement in another direction.

17. A computer control as claimed in claim 15 wherein the housing and the switch member include means for restricting movement of the switch member to movement in one of two orthogonal directions of movement of the finger element, the switch member includes a switch member slot for receiving the pin member and the pin member includes tab means for securing the pin member along the bottom side of the switch member at the switch member slot whereby the spring bias of the pin causes frictional engagement of the pin member tab means with the switch member to retard movement of the finger element along the switch member slot while the cap is not depressed.

18. A computer control as claimed in claim 17 including a second spring extending between the cap and the tubular member and biasing the cap upward whereby the spring force producing frictional resistance against movement of the finger element is less than the force required to depress the spring.

19. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 wherein the finger element includes means extending into the housing for rotating relative thereto, and there is included a means within the housing for determining the rotation thereof to provide an additional computer control signal.

20. A computer control as claimed in claim 19 wherein the rotating means includes a disc within the housing, disc grating means defining alternating dark and light areas on the disc means, and light responsive means for sensing movement of the disc grating means to generating a pair of quadrature related signals indicating movement of the disc grating means in response to rotation of the finger element.

21. A computer control as claimed in claim 19 wherein the rotating means includes a comb extending within the housing for being rotated to different positions, light means for generating light to pass through the comb and to be attenuated by the relative rotative positions of the comb, light detecting means, and analog to digital converting means for responding to the light detecting means to generate binary signals indicative of the rotative position of the control member.

22. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 wherein the gratings are formed by a pair of series of grating slots formed in the respective movable members wherein each series extends along central portions of one dimensions of the movable members leaving light blocking end portions at ends of the series of slots;

the light responsive means includes a pair of masks mounted in the housing adjacent the respective gratings and having that light passing through the gratings and the mask openings modulated by movement of the gratings, and light sensing means mounted in the housing for receiving the modulated light to produce the pairs of signals with quadrature related phases;

said masks and gratings are such that light passing through the gratings and the mask spring means and impinging on the light sensing means has at least a predetermined intensity but when said light blocking end portions are disposed over the mask opening means the light impinging on the light sensing means is reduced substantially below the predetermined intensity; and

means responsive to the light sensing means for producing digital edge signals indicative of the finger element reaching an edge of travel.

34. A computer control as claimed in claim 1 wherein the finger element includes means extending into the housing for rotating relative thereto, and there is included a means within the housing for determining the rotation thereof to provide an additional computer control signal.

23. A computer control comprising

a computer keyboard having a plurality of data entry keys in a planar arrangement defining a key plane,

a control device housing mounted in the keyboard below the key plane,

pattern means slidably mounted in the control device housing for movement in at least two orthogonal directions parallel to the key plane wherein the pattern means defines respective light control patterns extending in each of the two orthogonal directions,

a finger-grippable control element coupled to the pattern means and extending upward from the housing in the key plane for movement in two dimensions in the key plane to selectively move the pattern means to selected positions in its orthogonal directions of movement, and

light responsive means for responding to the light control patterns of the pattern means to generate signals indicative of the selected positions of the pattern, means in the respective orthogonal directions.

24. A computer control as claimed in claim 23 wherein the pattern means includes a pair of movable members mounted in the control device housing and coupled to the finger element for independent movement in respective orthogonal directions in response to corresponding movement of the finger element, each of said pair of movable members including a light control grating forming the respective light control patterns extending in each of the two orthogonal directions.

25. A computer control as claimed in claim 23 wherein the pattern means includes a carriage mounted in the control device housing for two dimension movement wherein the light control patterns are planarly disposed on the carriage.

26. A computer control as claimed in claim 25 wherein the light control patterns include respective grids.

27. A computer control as claimed in claim 25 wherein the light control patterns include a rectangular array of patterns wherein each pattern contains a plurality of regions with selected gray levels such that the combination of gray levels of the regions in each pattern are different from every other pattern.

28. A computer control as claimed in claim 23 wherein the computer keyboard includes a cover having an opening over the control device housing with the finger element extending upward through the opening, is finger element including a plate therein closing the opening in the cover.

29. A compurer control as claimed in claim 28 wherein the plate is slidable on the housing with the finger element being slidable therewith.

30. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 23 including spring means for urging the finger element to a centered position relative to the movement in the two dimensions.

31. A computer control as claimed in claim 30 wherein the two dimensional movement of the finger element defines a rectangular area, and the spring means includes four springs extending diagonally in alignment with the four corners of the rectangular area so as to bias the finger element in a centered position.

32. A computer control as claimed in claim 23 wherein the finger element includes a tubular member for movement in at least two dimensions, the vertically movable means includes a pin extending through the tubular member, the biasing means includes a spring biasing the pin upward, a vertically slidable cap secured over the upper end of the tubular member for engagnng and moving the pin downward, a switch member mounted on the lower end of the pin member for movement therewith, and light sensing means for detecting the lower position of the switch member within the housing for indicating depression of the cap.

33. A computer control as claimed in claim 23 including friction means for retarding movement of the finger element in one of the directions of movement thereof while permitting relatively free movement in another direction.

35. A computer control comprising

a stationary mask defining light transmissive opening means for passing light therethrough,

a movable member having a light control grating for moving across the mask opening means to modulate light passing through the grating and the mask opening means,

light emitting means and light detector means disposed upon respective opposite sides of the mask and grating such that the detector means generates an electrical detector signal which varies in accordance with light passing through the mask opening means and grating,

said mask and grating being such that light passing through the mask opening means and grating and impinging on the detector means has at least a predetermined intensity,

said movable member including an opaque end region at one end of the light control grating such that when the end region is over the mask opening the light intensity impinging on the detector means is reduced to less than the predetermined intensity to produce a corresponding change in the electrical signal from the detector,

means responsive to the detector signal for producing position changing control signals when the detector signal corresponds to light intensity above the predetermined intensity, and

means for producing edge control signals when the detector signal corresponds to light intensity below the predetermined intensity.

36. A computer control as claimed in claim 35 wherein the edge control signal producing means includes comparator means responsive to the detector signal being below a predetermined voltage for producing the edge control signal.

37. A computer control as claimed in claim 35 the means for producing position changing control signals includes means for producing a change signal indicative of changes in the detector signal, and hysteresis trigger means responsive to the change signal for producing a binary signal corresponding to movement of the grating;

and the edge control signal means includes means for pulsing the light emitting means, and comparator means for detecting an absence of a change signal to produce the edge control signal.

38. A computer control comprising

a housing,

pattern means mounted in the control device housing for movement in at least two orthogonal directions wherein the pattern means defines respective light control patterns in each of the two orthogonal directions,

a finger-grippable control element coupled to the pattern means and extending upward from the housing for movement in two dimensions to selectively move the pattern means to selected positions in its orthogonal directions of movement,

light responsive means for responding to the light control patterns of the pattern means to generate signals indicative of the selected positions of the pattern means in the respective orthogonal directions, and

friction means associated with the finger element and pattern means for producing a retarding force to movement in one of the orthogonal directions substantially greater than a retarding force in the other direction.

39. A computer control as claimed in claim 38 wherein the signals for the light responsive means are adapted for use in controlling movement of a marker on vertical rectangular display of a computer monitor, and forward and backward movement in the one direction corresponds to up and down movement of the marker on the display.

40. A computer control comprising

grating means movable in at least one direction wherein the grating means defines alternating light and dark patterns extending across the direction of movement,

a stationary mask having a pair of spaced light transmissive slots disposed adjacent the grating means so that light passing through the slots is modulated by movement of the grating means,

a pair of light sensing elements aligned with the respective pair of slots for producing a pair of sensor signals corresponding to the intensity of light passing through the grating means and the respective slots,

said slots and grating means being such that the pair of sensor signals have opposite quadrature related phases corresponding to movement of the grating means in the respective opposite directions along the one direction of movement,

a pair of signal change means for generating respective change signals corresponding to changes in the sensor signals,

a pair of hysteresis trigger means for being operated by the respective change signals to produce square wave signals corresponding to the respective sensor signals, and

means responsive to the square wave signals for maintaining a count indicative of the position of the grating means.

41. A computer control as claimed in claim 40 wherein each of the pair of signal change means includes a differentiating circuit.

42. A computer control as claimed in claim 40 wherein each of the pair of signal change means includes an operational amplifier having one input connected to the output of the respective light sensing element, and integrating means connected from the output of the operational amplifier to the other input of the operational amplifier so that the output of the operational amplifier corresponds to changes in the sensor signals.

43. A computer control as claimed in claim 40 including end means at the opposite ends of the grating means for blocking light passage through a corresponding slot in the mask, a pair of means for generating corresponding edge signals in response to the corresponding sensor signals indicating the absence of light passage, means responsive to one of the edge signals for resetting the count to indicate a first edge position, and means responsive to the other edge signal for setting the count to indicate a second edge position.

44. A computer control as claimed in claim 43 wherein each of the pair of signal change means includes an operational amplifier having one input connected to the output of the respective light sensing element, nnd integration means connected from the output of the operational amplifier to the other input of the operational amplifier so that the output of the operational amplifier corresponds to changes in the sensor signals;

and each of said resetting and setting means including comparator means connected to the output of the respective integration means for producing the respective edge signal.

45. A computer control as claimed in claim 43 includes light emitting means disposed on an opposite side of the grating means and the mask, and means for pulsing the light emitting means;

and wherein said resetting and setting means are responsive to the respective signal change means indicating an absence of change signals during pulsing of the light emitting means for producing the respective edge signals.

51. A computer control as claimed in claim 40 wherein the count maintaining means includes means for indicating whether the last change in the count was up or down;

means responsive to a change in state of a single one of the pair of square wave signals indicating movement of the grating in the same direction corresponding to the last change in count for correspondingly incrementing or decrementing the count; and

means responsive to a change in state of both square wave signals for incrementing or decrementing the count, opposite to the indicated last change.

52. A computer control as claimed in claim 41 wherein each differential circuit includes a series connected capacitance for differentiating the sensor signals.

46. A computer control comprising

grating means movable in at least one direction wherein the grating means defines alternating light and dark patterns extending across the direction of movement,

a stationary mask having a slot disposed adjacent the grating means so that light passing through the slot is modulated by movement of the grating means,

a light sensing element aligned with the slot and having a first resistance connected in series therewith to produce sensor signals corresponding to the intensity of light passing through the grating means and the slot,

said first resistance having a resistance value sufficiently high to produce a peak magnitude of sensor signal greater than a predetermined magnitude,

voltage responsive means for generating a pulse when a peak magnitude of the sensor signal exceeds the predetermined magnitude,

a counter for counting pulses from the voltage responsive means,

a plurality of resistance means controlled by outputs of the counter for selectively connecting adjustment resistances in parallel with the first resistance to reduce the magnitude of sensor signal to below the predetermined magnitude, and

means for converting the sensor signal to a binary signal useful in controlling a computer.

47. A computer control as claimed in claim 46 wherein the mask has a pair of spaced light transmitting slots disposed adjacent the grating means so that light passing through the slots is modulated by movement of the grating means;

and there is included

a pair of light sensing elements aligned with the respective pair of slots and having a pair of respective first resistances connected in series therewith to produce a pair of sensor signals,

said slots and grating means being such that the pair of sensor signals have opposite quadrature related phases corresponding to movement of the grating means in respective opposite directions,

said first resistances having a resistance value sufficiently high to produce peak magnitudes of the sensor signals greater than a predetermined magnitude,

a pair of voltage responsive means for generating respective pulses when the respective peak magnitudes of the sensor signals exceed the predetermined magnitude,

a pair of counters for counting the pulses from the respective voltage responsive means,

a pair of plurality of resistance means controlled by outputs of the respective counters for selectively connecting adjustment resistances in parallel with the respective first resistances to reduce the magnitudes of the sensor signals to below the predetermined magnitude,

a pair of Schmitt triggers for converting the respective sensor signals to binary signals, and

means including counting means responsive to the binary signals for maintaining a count indicative of the position of the grating means.

48. A computer control as claimed in claim 47 including end means at the opposite ends of the grating means for blocking light passage through a corresponding slot in the mask, a pair of means for generating corresponding edge signals in response to the corresponding sensor signals indicating the absence of light passage, means responsive to one of the edge signals for resetting te count to indicate a first edge position, and means responsive to the other edge signal for setting the count to indicate a second edge position.

49. A computer control comprising

a pattern member having a plurality of light control patterns arranged in a two dimensional array wherein each pattern includes a plurality of regions each having a predetermined gray level selected from a pluralilty of different gray levels and wherein the combination of gray levels formed by the plurality of regions of each pattern differs from all the other patterns so as to define a code identifying the position of each pattern in the two dimensional array,

light means for illuminating the pattern member,

a rectangular array of light sensing elements for detecting the gray levels of the plurality of regions of at least one pattern on the pattern member,

finger-engageable means for moving either the pattern member, the array of light or light sensing elements relative to the other, and

means for determining the coding thereof to indicate the position of the pattern member relative to the array of light sensing elements.

50. A computer control as claimed in claim 49 wherein the pattern member includes a plurality of spots spaced interstitually between the patterns for indicating pattern positions.

53. A computer control comprising

a stationary mask having light transmissive opening means for passing light therethrough;

a movable member having a light control grating extending near to but in spaced relationship to the stationary mask for moving across the mask opening to modulate light passing through the grating and the mask opening means;

a single light detector element disposed upon one side of the grating and the mask opening means;

a pair of light emitting diodes disposed upon the other side of the grating and the mask opening means wherein the light emitting diodes are spaced in a direction parallel to control grating;

means for alternately energizing the light emitting diodes at a rate which is at least twice a normal maximum rate of movement of grating cycles past the mask opening means;

means connected to the light detector element and operated in timed relationship with the alternately energizing means for generating a pair of detector signals corresponding to light intensity received by the light detector element during energization of the respective pair of light emitting diodes;

said mask opening means, said grating, said light detector element and said pair of light emitting diodes being spaced and arranged relative to each other so the pair of detector signals have quadrature related phases; and

means responsive to the pair of light detector signals for indicating a position of the grating relative to the mask to control a computer.

54. A computer control as claimed in claim 53 wherein the stationary mask is a molded plastic mask with a slot formed therein to form the mask opening means;

and the movable member is a molded plastic member having a wall with the grating defined therein by a series of slots uniformly spaced along an axis parallel to a direction of movement of the member.

55. A computer control comprising

a finger grippable element movable in two dimensions in a two dimensional area of element movement,

computer means including a monitor having a two dimensional display on which a marker can be generated and moved within the two dimensions of the display,

means operated by movement of the finger grippable element for moving the marker on the display in correspondence with the movement of the finger grippable element in at least two different modes of movement including a first mode wherein the marker on the display is moved a large increment for each predetermined increment of movement of the finger grippable element, and a second mode wherein the marker on the display is moved a small increment which is substantially less than the large increment for each predetermined increment of movement of the finger grippable element, and

operator controlled switch means associated with the finger grippable element for operating the marker moving means selectively in the two different modes in correspondence with operation of the switch means.

56. A computer control as claimed in claim 55 wherein the second mode defines an area of marker movement on the display which in size is substantially less than the total area of the display.

57. A computer control as claimed in claim 56 including means for detecting when the finger element reaches an edge of movement thereof, and means responsive to the edge detecting means and switch means for shifting the area of marker movement in a direction corresponding to a detected edge of movement.

58. A computer control as claimed in claim 55 wherein the finger grippable element is movable within a two dimensional plane, and the marker moving means is operated by the two dimensional planar movement of the finger grippable element.

59. A computer control as claimed in claim 58 wherein the finger grippable element includes a depressable member for operating the switch means, and spring means for biasing the depressable member to a raised position on the finger grippable member.

60. A computer control as claimed in claim 58 wherein the finger grippable element includes plate means slidable in two dimensions in a horizontal plane, a tubular stem extending upward from plate means, a finger grippable cap mounted on the tubular stem for limited vertical sliding movement, spring means biasing the cap to a raised position, and pin means extending through the tubular stem for movement with the cap to operate the switch means.

61. A computer control comprising

grating means movable in at least one direction wherein the grating means defines alternating light and dark patterns extending across the direction of movement,

a stationary mask having a slot disposed adjacent the grating means so that light passing through the slot is modulated by movement of the grating means,

a light sensing element aligned with the slot and having variable resistance means connected in series therewith to produce sensor signals corresponding to the intensity of light passing through the grating means and the slot,

said variable resistance means having a high resistance value sufficiently high to produce a peak magnitude of sensor signal greater than a predetermined magnitude,

voltage responsive means for generating a pulse when a peak magnitude of the sensor signal exceeds the predetermined magnitude,

a counter for counting pulses from the voltage responsive means,

means controlled by outputs of the counter for selectively adjusting the resistance means to reduce the magnitude of sensor signal to below the predetermined magnitude, and

means for converting the sensor signal to a binary signal useful in controlling a computer.

62. A computer control having fine and coarse modes of marker positioning, comprising:

a finger grippable element movable in two dimensions in a two dimensional area of element movement;

computer means including a monitor having a two dimensional display area in which a marker can be generated and moved;

means operated by movement of the finger grippable element for moving the marker on the display in first and second modes of movement;

said marker moving means during the first mode of movement including means for moving the marker within a first area of marker movement about a current position of the marker in correspondence with movement of the finger grippable element within the area of element movement;

said first area of marker movement being only a portion of the two dimensional display area of the monitor;

said marker moving means during the second mode of movement including means for moving the marker within a second area of marker movement about a current position of the marker in correspondence with movement of the finger grippable element within the area of element movement; and

said second area of marker movement being larger than the first area of marker movement such that the first and second modes of movement define respective fine and coarse modes of marker positioning.

63. A computer control as claimed in claim 62 including means for detecting when the finger element reaches an edge of the two dimensional area of element movement, and means responsive to the edge detecting means during the first mode for shifting the first area of marker movement in a direction corresponding to the detected edge of the two dimensional area of element movement.

64. A computer control as claimed in claim 62 wherein the marker moving means includes a housing, plate means slidably mounted in the housing for movement in two dimensions, means operatively connecting the finger grippable element to the plate means for moving the plate means in correspondence with movement of the finger grippable element, and light detecting means for determining the position of the plate means to generate signals to control the position of the marker on the display.

65. A computer control as claimed in claim 64 wherein the plate means includes a pair of plates slidable in the housing in respective orthogonal directions, and light control grating means on each of the pair of plates for defining respective alternating light patterns in the corresponding directions to operate the light detecting means.

66. A computer cursor control comprising:

a housing;

plate means slidably mounted in the housing;

said housing including means for retaining the plate means in the housing and for permitting sliding movement of the plate means in two dimensions relative to the housing;

a finger grippable element operatively connected with the plate means and extending upward from the housing for enabling an operator to grip the element and to move the element within a two dimensional area of movement to move the plate means correspondingly in the two dimensions;

position determining means including light modifying pattern means mounted on the plate means, and light emitting and detecting means mounted on housing for sensing movement of the plate means in the two dimensions to determine the position of the finger grippable element in the two dimensional area;

computer means including a monitor with a cursor; and

means responsive to the position determining means for positioning the cursor on the monitor display at a position corresponding to the position of the finger grippable element.

67. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 66 wherein said plate means includes a pair of movable members having respective upper and lower plates slidably mounted in the housing and coupled to the finger element for movement in respective orthogonal directions in response to corresponding movement of the finger element, and said light modifying pattern means including a light control grating on each of the pair of movable members for defining alternating light and dark patterns along the corresponding direction of movement to operate the light emitting and detecting means.

68. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 67 wherein the upper and lower plates have respective slots extending orthogonal to the respective directions of movement of the plates;

the finger element includes a stem extending through the slots of the respective plates;

the retaining means of the housing includes means for retaining the plates such that the plates are only movable in their corresponding directions of movement, the stem being slidable within the slot of the corresponding member when the movement is in the orthogonal direction thereto.

69. A computer cursor as claimed in claim 68 wherein the plates are elongated in respective dimensions perpendicular to the directions of movement of the respective plates, and the plate retaining means includes wall means of the housing for slidingly engaging opposite ends of the plates to retain the plate means.

70. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 69 where the plates have respective perpendicular extensions on the opposite ends thereof for preventing twisting and binding thereof when sliding along the respective wall means.

71. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 69 wherein the plates have respective head portions at one end thereof such that the head portions define respective head walls extending perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension of the respective plates and along the directions of movement thereof, the light control gratings being formed in the respective head walls.

72. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 71 wherein the head portions also define respective head grooves extending on the sides of the head walls adjacent the plates;

the housing wall means includes wall recesses formed in the wall means alongside the respective head walls; and

the light emitting and detecting means includes respective pairs of light emitting diodes mounted in the housing and extending in the respective head grooves for directing light toward the head walls, respective masks secured in the respective housing wall recesses, each mask including a pair of mask slots aligned with the grating means in the respective head wall, each of the mask slots extending perpendicularly to the direction of movement of the respective head wall, pairs of semiconductor light sensing elements mounted in the respective housing wall recess for sensing light passing through the respective mask slots, and each pair of mask slots having a spacing therebetween selected to produce a respective pair of signals with quadrature related phases.

73. A computer cursor control as claimed in claim 66 wherein the light modifying pattern means includes a plurality of light control patterns arranged in a two dimensional array with each pattern including a plurality of regions each having a predetermined gray level selected from a plurality of different gray levels and with the combination of gray levels formed by the plurality of regions of each pattern differing from all the other patterns so as to define a code which identifies the pattern and its position in the two dimensional array;

and the light emitting and detecting means includes a rectangular array of light sensing elements for detecting the gray levels of the plurality of regions of at least one pattern, and means for determining the coding thereof to indicate the position of the plate means relative to the housing.