Electrodes, electrode assemblies, methods, and systems for tissue stimulation
First Claim
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1. An electrode intended for use with a source of energy comprising:
- a hydrophilic porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and
means for conveying energy from the source to said polymeric matrix.
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Abstract
A novel electrode and electrode assembly is provided which preferably uses alternating and direct electrical energy for transdermal delivery of pharmacologically active ligands and for stimulation of tissues in-vivo. Methods and systems are also disclosed which allow a broad range of therapeutic agents to be transmitted to tissues and organs superficially or deep within the body.
143 Citations
18 Claims
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1. An electrode intended for use with a source of energy comprising:
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a hydrophilic porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying energy from the source to said polymeric matrix. - View Dependent Claims (4, 5)
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2. An active electrode comprising:
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a source of energy; a hydrophilic porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying said energy from said source to said polymeric matrix. - View Dependent Claims (6)
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3. An electrode assembly comprising:
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a source of energy; a plurality of electrodes, at least one of said electrodes comprising a hydrophilic, porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying said energy from said source to said electrodes.
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7. An active electrode comprising:
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a source of sinusoidal electrical energy; a hydrophilic, porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying said sinusoidal electrical energy from said source to said polymeric matrix. - View Dependent Claims (10, 11, 12, 13)
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8. An active electrode comprising:
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a source of galvanic electrical energy; a hydrophilic, porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying galvanic electrical energy from said source to said polymeric matrix.
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9. An electrode assembly comprising:
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a source of electrical energy; a plurality of electrodes, at least one of said electrodes comprising a hydrophilic, porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration; and means for conveying said energy from said source to said electrodes. - View Dependent Claims (14)
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15. A method for electrical stimulation of the tissues of a subject comprising the steps of:
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preparing an electrode assembly comprising a source of electrical energy, a plurality of electrodes, in which at least one of said electrodes comprises a hydrophilic, porous polymeric matrix which supports a confluent aqueous phase and has an initial ohmic resistance not greater than 500 ohms per square inch in the absence of electrically conductive salt solutions above 1.0% in concentration, and means for conveying electrical energy from said source to said polymeric matrix; placing said electrode assembly onto the tissue of the subject; and conveying electrical energy to said electrodes. - View Dependent Claims (16, 17, 18)
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Specification