Gas detection method and apparatus using chemisorption and/or physisorption
First Claim
1. In a method of detecting the presence of a predetermined gas in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor having a solid gas adsorbing electrolyte dielectric, said predetermined gas and gases of the ambient environment interacting so there is a change in the adsorbtion of the ambient gases by the dielectric when the ambient gases and the predetermined gas are incident on the dielectric compared to the adsorbtion of the ambient gases when the predetermined gas is not incident on the dielectric and/or the predetermined gas is adsorbed by the dielectric when it is incident on the dielectric, the degree of adsorbtion being related to the amount of the predetermined gas incident on the dielectric, comprising the steps of:
- while said electrolyte dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, energizing said capacitor to measure a physisorption process at said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the capacitive impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric; and
deriving a response indicative of the value of the capacitive impedance of said capacitor as affected by the interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed the dielectric, the derived response providing an indication of the presence of the predetermined gas.
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Accused Products
Abstract
Gas species are detected with a capacitor having a solid, ionic dielectric excited by an AC voltage in the range from 0.01-30 Hz, with an amplitude of 1-100 millivolts to allow physisorption processes and/or with an AC voltage in the same frequency range and amplitudes from 0.01-3 volts to achieve chemisorption reactions. The AC impedancae of the capacitor is detected for both physisorption and chemisorption excitation to determine gas species and concentration. In chemisorption, diode like action occurs, and is detected by AC harmonic detection processes. The surface of the dielectric on which the gas is incident is overlaid with a grid or porous electrode, fabricated of inert metal or a catalyst which causes the capacitor to enable preferential adsorption by the dielectric of certain materials, to indicate the presence of certain gases. Plural capacitors, having different adsorption characteristics in response to different gases facilitates detection of plural gases. The dielectric is a rare earth fluoride, preferably lanthanum fluoride. The AC impedance of the capacitor provides the specie and concentration indications.
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Citations
94 Claims
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1. In a method of detecting the presence of a predetermined gas in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor having a solid gas adsorbing electrolyte dielectric, said predetermined gas and gases of the ambient environment interacting so there is a change in the adsorbtion of the ambient gases by the dielectric when the ambient gases and the predetermined gas are incident on the dielectric compared to the adsorbtion of the ambient gases when the predetermined gas is not incident on the dielectric and/or the predetermined gas is adsorbed by the dielectric when it is incident on the dielectric, the degree of adsorbtion being related to the amount of the predetermined gas incident on the dielectric, comprising the steps of:
- while said electrolyte dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, energizing said capacitor to measure a physisorption process at said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the capacitive impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric; and
deriving a response indicative of the value of the capacitive impedance of said capacitor as affected by the interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed the dielectric, the derived response providing an indication of the presence of the predetermined gas. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26)
- while said electrolyte dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, energizing said capacitor to measure a physisorption process at said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the capacitive impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric; and
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23. In a method of detecting the presence of a predetermined gas in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor having a solid gas adsorbing electrolyte dielectric, said predetermined gas and gases of the ambient environment interacting so there is a change in adsorption of the ambient gases by the dielectric when the ambient gases and the predetermined gas are incident on the dielectric compared to the adsorbtion of the ambient gases when the predetermined gas is not incident on the dielectric and/or the predetermined gas is adsorbed by the dielectric when it is incident on the dielectric, the degree of adsorbtion being related to the amount of the predetermined gas incident on the dielectric, comprising the steps of:
- while said dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, applying AC excitation to said capacitor to cause an adsorption process to occur between said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the AC impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric; and
deriving a response indicative of the value of the AC impedance of said capacitor as affected by the interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric, the derived response providing an indication of the presence of the predetermined gas. - View Dependent Claims (24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54)
- while said dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, applying AC excitation to said capacitor to cause an adsorption process to occur between said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the AC impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric; and
- 51. A method of determining relative humidity of air with a capacitor sensor having a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the air comprising the steps of applying voltages having first and second predetermined frequency ranges to the capacitor sensor, the first frequency range and the amplitude thereof causing an impedance component of the capacitor sensor to vary as a function of air temperature and humidity, the second frequency range and the amplitude thereof causing an AC impedance component of the capacitor sensor to vary as a function of air temperature independently of humidity, deriving first and second responses respectively responsive to the magnitudes of said impedance components to the voltages in the first and second frequency ranges, and responding to indications of the magnitudes of the first and second responses to derive a quantitative measure of the relative humidity.
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58. A method of determining the amount of a vapor having polar molecules in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor having a solid electrolyte dielectric for adsorbing molecules of said one vapor, comprising the steps of:
- while said dielectric is exposed to said vapor to adsorb molecules of said vapor energizing said capacitor to allow measurement of the physisorption process, the capacitor impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the physisorption process and gas molecules of said environment, measuring the value of the impedance of said capacitor including the capacitive impedance thereof as affected by the interaction of the physisorption process and the gas molecules of the environment, and correlating the measured impedance value with the amount of the vapor.
- View Dependent Claims (59, 60, 61)
- 62. In a method of detecting reducing gas molecules in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor having a solid electrolyte dielectric, the dielectric being overlaid by a metal structure that interacts with the gas molecules to produce ions of molecules that can be adsorbed by the dielectric, the structure being constructed so that the dielectric is exposed to the reducing gas and the ambient gaseous environment, comprising the steps of while the capacitor is exposed to said reducing gas molecules and the ambient gaseous environment energizing said capacitor to cause an adsorption process to occur between the dielectric and said ions, the capacitive impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the adsorption process and said ions, and deriving a response indicative of the value of the impedance of said capacitor as affected by the interaction of the adsorption process and said ions, the derived response providing an indication of the presence of the reducing gas molecules.
- 64. A method of determining relative humidity and temperature of air with a capacitor sensor including a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the air comprising the steps of monitoring a first impedance component of the sensor in response to a first excitation of the sensor which causes the impedance component to be a function of the air temperature and relative humidity, monitoring an AC impedance component of the sensor in response to AC excitation of the sensor at a frequency in a predetermined range, the first excitation measuring the effect of physisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric without causing field-driven chemisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric, the monitored AC impedance component in response to the AC excitation providing a measure of the temperature independent of the relative humidity, and combining values indicative of the monitored impedance components in response to both of said excitations.
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68. A method of determining gas temperature with a capacitor sensor including a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the gas comprising the steps of monitoring an impedance component of the sensor in response to AC excitation of the sensor, the AC excitation having a predetermined frequency range and a predetermined amplitude range, the predetermined amplitude range allowing physisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric without causing field-driven chemisorption of gaseous molecules on the dielectric, the predetermined frequency range being sufficiently high to prevent space charge of the dielectric from following it, the monitored impedance component in response to the AC excitation in the predetermined range providing a measure of the temperature independent of the relative humidity.
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69. A method of measuring the amount of gases having polar molecules in an ambient gaseous environment with a capacitor sensor including a solid ionic dielectric exposed to gases in the environment comprising the steps of monitoring an impedance component of the sensor in response to excitation of the sensor by a voltage in a predetermined amplitude range, the amplitude of the excitation allowing physisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric without causing field-driven chemisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric, the monitored impedance component in response to the excitation providing a measure of the amount of the gases having the polar molecules in the ambient gaseous environment.
- 70. Apparatus for detecting the presence of a predetermined gas in an ambient gaseous environment comprising a capacitor having a solid gas adsorbing electrolyte dielectric, said predetermined gas and gases of the ambient environment interacting so there is a change in adsorbtion of the ambient gases on the dielectric when the ambient gases and the predetermined gas are incident on the dielectric compared to the adsorbtion of the ambient gases when the predetermined gas is not incident on the dielectric and/or the predetermined gas is adsorbed by the dielectric when it is incident on the dielectric, the degree of adsorbtion being related to the amount of the predetermined gas incident on the dielectric, means for applying an AC voltage to said capacitor while said dielectric is exposed to said predetermined gas to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gas, the AC voltage energizing said capacitor so an adsorption process occurs between said dielectric and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectric, the impedance of said capacitor being affected by an interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectric, and means for deriving a response indicative of the value of the AC impedance of said capacitor as affected by the interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed the dielectric, the derived response providing an indication of the presence of the predetermined gas.
- 78. Apparatus for detecting the presence of plural predetermined gases in an ambient gaseous environment comprising a plurality of capacitors having a solid gas adsorbing electrolyte dielectric, different ones of said predetermined gas and gases of the ambient environment interacting in a different manner on different ones of the capacitors so each capacitor has a preferential response to different ones of the gases, the interaction of each capacitor being such that there is a change in adsorbtion of the ambient gases by each dielectric when the ambient gases and the predetermined gas are incident on the dielectric compared to the adsorbtion of the ambient gases when the predetermined gas is not incident on the dielectric and/or the predetermined gas is adsorbed by the dielectric when it is incident on the dielectric, the degree of adsorbtion being related to the amount of the predetermined gas incident on the dielectric, means for applying an AC voltage to said capacitors while said dielectrics are exposed to said predetermined gases to adsorb molecules of the gases of the ambient environment and/or the predetermined gases, the AC voltage energizing said capacitors so adsorption processes occur between said dielectrics and molecules of the gases incident on and adsorbed by the dielectrics, the AC impedances of said capacitors being affected by an interaction of the adsorption process and the gas molecules adsorbed by the dielectrics, and means for deriving responses indicative of the values of the AC impedances of said capacitors as affected by the interactions of the adsorption processes and the gas molecules adsorbed by dielectrics, the derived responses providing an indication of the presence of the predetermined gases.
- 83. Apparatus for determining relative humidity of air comprising a capacitor sensor having a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the air, means for applying voltages having first and second predetermined frequency ranges to the capacitor sensor, the first frequency range and the amplitude thereof causing an impedance component of the capacitor sensor to vary as a function of air temperature and humidity, the second frequency range and the amplitude thereof causing an AC impedance component of the capacitor sensor to vary as a function of air temperature independently of humidity, means coupled to the capacitor sensor for deriving first and second responses respectively responsive to the magnitudes of said impedance components to the voltages in the first and second frequency ranges, and means responsive to indications of the magnitudes of the first and second responses for deriving a quantitative measure of the relative humidity.
- 90. Apparatus for determining relative humidity and temperature of air comprising a capacitor sensor including a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the air, a source coupled to the sensor for providing predetermined first excitation of the sensor causing a first impedance component of the sensor to be a function of the air temperature and relative humidity and for AC exciting the sensor with a frequency in a predetermined range, the first impedance component being in response to a predetermined excitation exclusive of the AC exciting in said predetermined frequency range, the predetermined excitation enabling the effect of physisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric to be measured without causing field-driven chemisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric, the monitored AC impedance component in response to the AC excitation providing a measure of the temperature independent of the relative humidity, and means for combining values indicative of the monitored impedance components in response to both of said excitations.
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94. Apparatus for determining gas temperature comprising a capacitor sensor including a solid ionic dielectric exposed to the gas, an AC excitation source coupled to the sensor, the AC excitation having a predetermined frequency range and a predetermined amplitude range, the predetermined amplitude range allowing physisorption of gaseous molecules by the dielectric without causing field-driven chemisorption of gaseous molecules on the dielectric, the predetermined frequency range being sufficiently high to prevent space charge of the dielectric from following it, means for monitoring an impedance component of the sensor in response to the AC excitation, the monitored impedance component in response to the AC excitation in the predetermined range providing a measure of the temperature independent of the relative humidity.
Specification