Zinc electrode and rechargeable zinc-air battery

• US 4,842,963 A
• Filed: 06/21/1988
• Issued: 06/27/1989
• Est. Priority Date: 06/21/1988
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: United States Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: United States Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America)
• Inventors: Ross, Philip N. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US07/209,592
• Time in Patent Office: 371 Days
• Field of Search: 429/15, 429/27, 429/105, 429/21, 29/623.1
• US Class Current: 429/404
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 12/08 composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/244 Zinc electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/808 Foamed, spongy materials
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 29/49108 Electric battery cell making

Abstract

An improved zinc electrode is disclosed for a rechargeable zinc-air battery comprising an outer frame and a porous foam electrode support within the frame which is treated prior to the deposition of zinc thereon to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the external surface thereof. The outer frame is provided with passageways for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through the treated zinc-coated porous foam. A novel rechargeable zinc-air battery system is also disclosed which utilizes the improved zinc electrode and further includes an alkaline electrolyte within said battery circulating through the passageways in the zinc electrode and an external electrolyte circulation means which has an electrolyte reservoir external to the battery case including filter means to filter solids out of the electrolyte as it circulates to the external reservoir and pump means for recirculating electrolyte from the external reservoir to the zinc electrode.

Claims

1. An improved zinc electrode for a rechargeable zinc-air battery comprising an outer frame, a porous foam electrode support within said frame having zinc deposited thereon and treated prior to the deposition of zinc thereon to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the external surface thereof, and means within said outer frame for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through the interior of said treated zinc-coated porous foam.

2. The zinc electrode of claim 1 wherein said porous foam electrode support is treated with a material to render the treated external surface inactive for zinc deposition.

3. The zinc electrode of claim 2 wherein said treatment material comprises a 1-5 micron layer of an electrically insulating and electrochemically inert material.

4. The zinc electrode of claim 3 wherein said treatment material is selected from the class consisting of fluoroethylenepropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.

5. The zinc electrode of claim 3 wherein said porous foam electrode support has a mean pore size of from about 5 to about 300 microns and a surface area of at least about 25 cm² /cm³.

6. The zinc electrode of claim 5 wherein said porous foam electrode support has a mean pore size of from about 10 to about 100 microns and a surface area of at least about 50 cm² /cm³.

7. The zinc electrode of claim 5 wherein said porous foam electrode support is selected from the class consisting of carbon foam and a metal foam.

8. The zinc electrode of claim 7 wherein said porous foam electrode support consists essentially of a carbon foam.

9. The zinc electrode of claim 7 wherein said porous foam electrode support consists essentially of a metal foam.

10. The zinc electrode of claim 3 wherein said outer frame consists essentially of a plastic material possessing sufficient mechanical strength as well as generally exhibiting chemical inertness to the alkaline electrolyte as well as the electrochemical reactions taking place in a battery in which the zinc electrode is placed.

11. The zinc electrode of claim 3 wherein said outer frame consists essentially of a plastic material selected from the class consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene.

12. The zinc electrode of claim 3 wherein said outer frame contains a central opening containing said porous foam electrode support.

13. The zinc electrode of claim 12 wherein said outer frame contains a first horizontal bore beneath said central opening and a second horizontal bore above said central opening and a plurality of vertical bores respectively communicating between said lower horizontal bore and said central opening, and said upper horizontal bore and said central opening;

whereby electrolyte may be circulated through said electrode through an inlet to one of said horizontal bores and removed from said electrode through an outlet connected to the other of said horizontal bores.

14. An improved zinc electrode for a rechargeable zinc-air battery comprising:

(a) an outer frame consisting essentially of a plastic material exhibiting chemical inertness to the alkaline electrolyte as well as the electrochemical reactions taking place in a rechargeable zinc-air battery;

(b) a central opening within said frame;

(c) a porous foam electrode support within said central opening in said frame selected from the class consisting of carbon foam and a metal foam and having a mean pore size of from about 5 to about 300 microns and a surface area of at least about 25 cm² /cm³ ;

(d) a 1-5 micron layer of an electrically insulating and electrochemically inert material on the external surface of said porous foam electrode support to render the treated surface inactive for zinc deposition to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the surface thereof;

(e) a layer of zinc electrolytically deposited on said treated porous foam electrode support; and

(f) means within said outer frame for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through the interior of said zinc-coated foam comprising a first horizontal bore beneath said central opening and a second horizontal bore above said central opening and a plurality of vertical bores respectively communicating between said lower horizontal bore and said central opening, and said upper horizontal bore and said central opening;

whereby electrolyte may be circulated through said electrode through an inlet to one of said horizontal bores and removed from said electrode through an outlet connected to the other of said horizontal bores.

15. A method of forming an improved zinc electrode for a rechargeable zinc-air battery which comprises:

(a) forming an outer electrode frame from a plastic material exhibiting chemical inertness to the alkaline electrolyte as well as the electrochemical reactions taking place in a rechargeable zinc-air battery;

(b) forming a central opening within said frame;

(c) mounting a porous foam electrode support within said central opening in said frame selected from the class consisting of carbon foam and a metal foam, said foam having a mean pore size of from about 5 to about 300 microns and a surface area of at least about 25 cm² /cm³ ;

(d) treating the external surface of said porous foam electrode support with a 1-5 micron layer of an electrically insulating and electrochemically inert material to render the treated surface inactive for zinc deposition to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the surface thereof;

(e) electrolytically depositing a layer of zinc on said treated porous foam electrode support; and

(f) forming means within said outer frame for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through said zinc-coated foam comprising a first horizontal bore beneath said central opening and a second horizontal bore above said central opening and a plurality of vertical bores respectively communicating between said lower horizontal bore and said central opening, and said upper horizontal bore and said central opening;

whereby electrolyte may be circulated through said electrode through an inlet to one of said horizontal bores and removed from said electrode through an outlet connected to the other of said horizontal bores.

16. An improved rechargeable zinc-air battery comprising:

(a) a battery case;

(b) zinc electrode means within said case comprising outer frame means, a porous foam electrode support within said frame means having zinc deposited thereon and treated to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the surface thereof, and internal electrolyte circulation means within said outer frame means for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through said zinc-coated foam;

(c) at least one air electrode means within said case;

(d) porous separator means located between said zinc electrode means and said air electrode means;

(e) an alkaline electrolyte within said battery circulating through said zinc electrode means via said internal electrolyte circulations means; and

(f) external electrolyte circulation means for circulating said alkaline electrolyte to said internal circulation means.

17. The rechargeable zinc-air battery of claim 16 wherein said battery is further provided with at least one air electrode backing plate abutting the surface of said air electrode means opposite to the surface facing said zinc electrode means;

and air passage means on a surface of said air electrode backing plate abutting said air electrode means and extending to the side surface of said backing plate to facilitate the passage of air to said air electrode means.

18. The rechargeable zinc-air battery of claim 17 wherein said battery case is further provided with one or more air inlet ports;

air scrubber means connected to said one or more air inlet ports external to said battery case to remove carbon dioxide from said incoming air; and

one or more air passages within said battery case between said one or more air inlets and said air electrode means.

19. The rechargeable zinc-air battery of claim 16 wherein said external electrolyte circulation means comprise an electrolyte reservoir external to said battery case;

filter means to filter solids out of said electrolyte as it circulates from said zinc electrode within said battery case to said external reservoir;

pump means for recirculating electrolyte from said external reservoir to said zinc electrode within said battery case;

means for optionally adding water to said electrolyte; and

means for optionally replacing at least a portion of said electrolyte with fresh electrolyte.

20. An improved rechargeable zinc-air battery system comprising:

(a) a battery case having one or more air inlet ports and electrolyte inlet and outlet ports formed therein;

(b) air scrubber means connected to said one or more air inlet ports external to said battery case to remove carbon dioxide from said incoming air;

(c) zinc electrode means within said case comprising;

(1) zinc electrode outer frame means;

(2) a porous foam electrode support within said frame means having zinc deposited thereon and treated to inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites on the external surface thereof; and

(3) internal electrolyte circulation means comprising passageways within said outer frame means for circulating an alkaline electrolyte through said zinc-coated foam;

(d) at least one air electrode means within said case having a surface facing said zinc electrode means;

(e) one or more air passages within said battery case between said one or more air inlets and said air electrode means;

(f) porous separator means located between said zinc electrode means and said air electrode means;

(g) at least one air electrode backing plate abutting the surface of said air electrode means opposite to the surface facing said zinc electrode means;

(h) air passage means on a surface of said air electrode backing plate abutting said air electrode means and extending to the side surface of said backing plate to facilitate the passage of air to said air electrode means;

(i) an alkaline electrolyte within said battery circulating through said zinc electrode means via said internal electrolyte circulations means; and

(j) external electrolyte circulation means for circulating said alkaline electrolyte to said internal circulation means comprising;

(1) an electrolyte reservoir external to said battery case;

(2) means for connecting said external electrolyte circulation means to said internal electrolyte circulation means in said zinc electrode outer frame means through said electrolyte inlet and outlet ports in said battery case;

(3) filter means to filter solids out of said electrolyte as it circulates from said zinc electrode within said battery case to said external reservoir;

(4) pump means for recirculating electrolyte from said external reservoir to said zinc electrode within said battery case via said connecting means;

(5) means for optionally adding water to said electrolyte; and

(6) means for optionally replacing at least a portion of said electrolyte with fresh electrolyte.