Dual mode video tracker

• US 4,849,906 A
• Filed: 08/24/1987
• Issued: 07/18/1989
• Est. Priority Date: 08/24/1987
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Raytheon Company (Rtx Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Hughes Aircraft Company (Rtx Corporation)
• Inventors: Rue, Arthur K., Pope, Gordon T., Chodos, Steven L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Lall, Parshotam S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Mattson, Brian M.
• Application Number:
  US07/088,772
• Time in Patent Office: 694 Days
• Field of Search: 364/514, 364/517, 364/728, 364/516, 364/518, 358/125, 358/126, 358/105
• US Class Current: 348/171
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/7865 using correlation of the live video image with a stored image

Abstract

Point and area target tracking are employed by a dual mode video tracker which includes both a correlation processor (30) and a centroid processor (32) for processing incoming video signals representing the target scene (20) and for generating tracking error signals over an entire video frame. A microcomputer (26) controls the operation of the correlation and centroid processors, as well as a preprocessor (28) which preconditions the incoming video signals. The tracker operates in any of several modes in which the correlation and centroid processors function either independently or cooperatively with each other. The correlation processor generates a reference map in pixel format which is used to produce azimuth and elevation optimal weighting values for each pixel in the field-of-view. The reference map is recursively updated. The track gate for the correlation processor is automatically sized using a gradient function derived from the optimal weighting values. The gradient function is also employed along with difference video to determine correlation tracking status. The correlation and centroid tracking errors may be combined to form a composite signal defining a true complementary function.

Claims

1. A method of establishing a size of a correlation tracking gate in a correlation tracking system of a type which generates tracking error signals from input electromagnetic video signals V_i,j (k) utilized to form one video frame k of a two dimensional image plane having coordinates (ε

,η

) where ε

represents an elevation and η

represents an azimuth, said image plane being defined by a plurality of pixels each having a discrete location (i,j) in the image plane along coordinates ε and

η

respectively and wherein said tracking gate is defined by N×

M pixels along coordinates η and

ε

respectively, said method comprising the steps of;

(a) generating a reference map value for each pixel according to the relationship

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">MAP.sub.ij (k)=W.sub.1 V.sub.ij (k)+(1-W.sub.1)MAP.sub.ij (k-1)

where W₁ is a weighting factor having a value 0≦

W₁ ≦

1;

(b) generating a first weighting function We_ij (k) related to relative values of pairs of pixels along the ε

coordinate;

(c) generating a second weighting function Wd_ij (k) related to relative values of pairs of pixels along the η

coordinate;

(d) generating first and second respective correlation error signals δ

'"'"'_d (k) and δ

'"'"'_e (k) for each image plane frame using the first and second weighting functions We_ij (k) and Wd_ij (k);

(e) generating a gradient function GF_ij (k) for each pixel within a gradient gate defined by YxZ pixels, according to the relationship

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">GF.sub.ij (k)=[We.sub.ij (k)].sup.2 +[Wd.sub.ij (k)].sup.2,

said gradient function GF_ij (k) representing a measure of information content within the tracking gate; and

(f) altering the size of said tracking gate using the gradient function GF_ij (k) generated in step (e).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first weighting function We_ij (k) is defined by the relationship ##EQU8## where Δ

e is a dimension of each pixel in said image along the ε

coordinate, and said second weighting function Wd_ij is defined by the relationship ##EQU9## where Δ

d is a dimension of each pixel in said image plane along the η

coordinate.

3. The method of claim 1, including the step of storing at least one frame plus one line of reference map values MAP_ij in a memory.

4. The method of claim 1, step (e) is performed by accumulating said gradient function GF_ij (k) over an entire gradient gate.

5. The method of claim 1, including the step of adjusting edges of the gradient gate along the ε

and η

coordinates in a manner which maximizes average value of the gradient function GF_ij (k) over the gradient gate.

6. The method of claim 5, including the step of identifying locations of the adjusted edges of the gradient gate and wherein step (f) is performed by generating gate edge locations for said tracking gate using the identified locations of adjusted gradient gate edges.

7. The method of claim 1, including the step of dithering a position of the gradient gate along the ε

and η

coordinates so as to maximize an average value of the gradient function GF_ij (k) over an area of the gradient gate.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said first and second respective correlation error signals δ

'"'"'_d (k) and δ

'"'"'_e (k) are defined by the relationships ##EQU10##

9. A method of determining correlation track quality in a correlation tracking system of a type which generates tracking quality error signals from input electromagnetic video signals V_ij (k) utilized to form one video frame k of a two dimensional image plane having coordinates (ε

,η

) where ε

represents an elevation and η

represents an azimuth, said image plane being defined by a plurality of pixels each having a discrete location (i,j) in the image plane along coordinates ε and

η

respectively, and wherein correlation is performed over a track gate defined by NxM pizels along coordinates and respectively, said method comprising the steps of;

(a) recursively generating a reference map value for each pixel according to the relationship

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">MAP.sub.ij (k)=W.sub.1 V.sub.ij (k)+(1-W.sub.1)MAP.sub.ij (k-1)

where W₁ is a weighting factor having a value of 0≦

W₁ ≦

1;

(b) subtracting reference map values MAP_ij (k) from the video signals V_ij (k) of a subsequent frame to produce a difference video Δ

V_ij (k);

(c) generating a first weighting function We_ij (k) related to pixels along the ε

coordinate;

(d) generating a second weighting function Wd_ij (k) related to pixels along the η

coordinate;

(e) generating first and second respective correlation error signals δ

'"'"'_d (k) and δ

'"'"'_e (k) for each image plane frame using said first and second weighting functions We_ij (k) and Wd_ij (k);

(f) defining border gates outside of and adjacent to said track gate, summing a value of the difference video Δ

V_ij (k) over said track gate for each image plane frame to produce a track gate sum; and

summing the difference video Δ

V_ij (k) over said border gates for each image plane frame to produce a border gate sum;

(g) generating a gradient function GF_ij (k) for each pixel in a gradient gate defined by YxZ pixels according to the relationship

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">GF.sub.ij (k)=[We.sub.ij (k)].sup.2 +[Wd.sub.ij (k)].sup.2 ;

(h) summing the gradient function GF_ij (k) over the gradient gate for each image plane to produce a gradient function sum; and

,

(i) generating an indication of track quality using the track gate sum, border gate sum and gradient function sum.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein step (i) includes the substeps of:

(i₁) dividing said track gate sum by an area of the track gate, and dividing the border gate sum by the area of a border gate, and

(i₂) comparing a quantitative result of substep (i₁) with preselected reference values, the relationship of said result to said reference value providing an indication of correlation track quality.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein step (i) further includes the substeps of:

(i₃) dividing said summed gradient function GF_ij (k) by the area of the gradient gate,

(i₄) comparing said summed gradient function GF_ij (k) to a preselected reference value, and

(i₅) comparing the quantitative result of substep (i₃) with a preselected reference value, the comparison performed in substeps (i₄) and (i₅) providing an indication of correlation track quality.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein said first weighting function We_ij (k) is defined by the relationship ##EQU11## where Δ

e is a dimension of each pixel in said image along the ε

coordinate, and said second weighting function Wd_ij is defined by the relationship ##EQU12## where Δ

d is a dimension of each pixel in said image plane along the η

coordinate.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein said first and second correlation error signals δ

'"'"'_d (k) and δ

'"'"'_e (k) are defined by the relationships ##EQU13##

14. In a method of determining correlation track quality in a correlation tracking system wherein difference video signals are accumulated over a track gate and used as an indicator of track quality status, the improvement wherein the method further comprises:

defining at least one border gate that is outside of and adjacent to said track gate;

accumulating said difference video signals over said defined border gate to generate a border gate sum; and

using the border gate sum as an additional indicator of track quality status.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein said border gate completely surrounds the track gate.

16. The method of claim 14 which further comprises:

multiplexing a single accumulator device to accumulate the difference video over both the track gate and border gate.