Audio pre-processing methods and apparatus

• US 4,856,068 A
• Filed: 04/02/1987
• Issued: 08/08/1989
• Est. Priority Date: 03/18/1985
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Quatieri, Thomas F. Jr., McAulay, Robert J.
• Primary Examiner(s): KEMENY, EMANUEL
• Application Number:
  US07/034,204
• Time in Patent Office: 859 Days
• Field of Search: 381/51, 381/72, 381/106, 381/47
• US Class Current: 704/227
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/02 using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders

Abstract

A lower threshold for dynamic range compression and clipping is allowed by sinusoidal estimation and phase adjustment of the original speech signal to obtain a lower Peak to RMS ratio. A sinusoidal speech representation system is applied to the problem of speech dispersion by pre-processing the waveform prior to transmission to reduce the peak-to-RMS ratio of the waveform. The sinusoidal system first estimates and then removes the natural phase dispersion in the frequency components of the speech signal. Artificial dispersion based on pulse compression techniques is then introduced with little change in speech quality. The new phase dispersion allocation serves to preprocess the waveform prior to dynamic range compression and clipping, allowing considerably deeper thresholding than can be tolerated on the original waveform.

Claims

1. A method of pre-processing an acoustic waveform prior to transmission to reduce the peak-to-RMS ratio of the waveform, the method comprising:

a. sampling the waveform to obtain a series of discrete samples and constructing therefrom a series of frames, each frame spanning a plurality of samples;

b. analyzing each frame of samples to extract a set of variable frequency components having individual amplitudes and phases;

c. removing the natural phase dispersion from said variable frequency components and substituting therefor a desired phase dispersion;

d. tracking said components from one frame to a next frame; and

e. interpolating the values of the components from the one frame to the next frame to obtain a parametric representation of the waveform whereby a synthetic waveform having a flattened time-domain envelope can be constructed by generating a set of sine waves corresponding to the interpolated values of the parametric representation.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of analysing each frame to extract a set of frequency components having individual amplitudes, further includes applying a pre-emphasis to said amplitude.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the pre-emphasis is applied to system contributions of said amplitudes but not applied to excitation contributions of said amplitudes.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of removing the natural phase dispersion further includes analyzing the phase dispersion of the system contributions of said frequency components and substituting therefore an artificial phase dispersion derived from a pitch estimate and the amplitudes of said system contributions.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the pitch estimate is obtained from a cepstral pitch extractor.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the pitch estimates from the cepstral extractor are further smoothed by recursive filtering.

7. The method of claim 4 wherein the phase components of the artificial phase dispersion are further smoothed by recursive filtering.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of analyzing each frame to extract a set of frequency components having individual amplitudes further includes applying a dynamic range compression gain factor to said amplitudes.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the gain factor is derived from peak determinations of the amplitudes of the frequency components.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein the gain factor is derived from an envelope prediction based on the desired phase dispersion.

12. The device of claim 1 wherein the analyzing means further includes a pre-emphasizer for applying a pre-emphasis to said amplitude.

13. The device of claim 12 wherein the pre-emphasizer modifies the system contributions of said amplitudes but not the excitation contributions of said amplitudes.

11. A device for pre-processing an acoustic waveform prior to transmission to reduce the peak-to-RMS ratio of the waveform, the device comprising:

a. sampling means for sampling the waveform to obtain a series of discrete samples and constructing therefrom a series of frames, each frame spanning a plurality of samples;

b. analyzing means for analyzing each frame of samples to extract a set of variable frequency components having individual amplitudes and phrases;

c. phase substitution means for removing the natural phase dispersion from said variable frequency components and for substituting therefor a desired phase dispersion

d. tracking means for tracking said variable frequency components from one frame to a next frame; and

e. interpolating means for interpolating the values of the components from the one frame to the next frame to obtain a parametric representation of the waveform whereby a synthetic waveform having a flattened time-domain envelope can be constructed by generating a set of sine waves corresponding to the interpolated values of the parametric representation.

14. The device of claim 11 wherein the phase dispersion computing means further includes means for determining a optimal phase dispersion from a pitch estimate and the amplitudes of said system contributions.

15. The device of claim 14 wherein the phase dispersion computing means further includes a cepstral pitch extractor.

16. The device of claim 15 wherein the phase dispersion computing means further includes a recursive pitch filter means for smoothing the pitch estimates from the cepstral extractor.

17. The device of claim 14 wherein the phase dispersion computing means further includes a recursive phase filter means for smoothing the phase dispersion computations.

18. The device of claim 11 wherein the analyzing means further includes a dynamic range compressor for applying a gain factor to said amplitudes.

19. The device of claim 18 wherein the dynamic range compressor further includes an envelope prediction means for predicting the time-domain envelope shape based on said artificial phase dispersion.

20. The device of claim 11 wherein the tracking means further includes a peak detector and a matching means for matching a frequency component from one frame with a component in the next frame having a similar value, the peak detector also providing peak determinations to a dynamic range compressor to derive a gain factor for application to said amplitudes.