Radiation apparatus with distance mapper for dose control

• US 4,896,343 A
• Filed: 05/02/1988
• Issued: 01/23/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 05/02/1988
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Allan M. Saunders
• Original Assignee: Allan M. Saunders
• Inventors: Saunders, Allan M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Church, Craig E.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Freeman, John C.
• Application Number:
  US07/189,143
• Time in Patent Office: 631 Days
• Field of Search: 378/108, 378/165-166, 378/204, 378/207, 378/210, 378/95, 378/151, 356/1
• US Class Current: 378/95
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0064 Body surface scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/08 Auxiliary means for directing the radiation beam to a particular spot, e.g. using light beams
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/542 involving control of exposure
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/589 Setting distance between source unit and patient
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2005/105 using a laser alignment system
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 5/1048 Monitoring, verifying, controlling systems and methods
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/24 for measuring contours or curvatures
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/48 Active triangulation systems, i.e. using the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
• CPC Class Codes: H05G 1/26 Measuring, controlling or protecting measuring X-ray radiation G01T
• CPC Class Codes: H05G 1/46 Combined control of different quantities, e.g. exposure time as well as voltage or current

Abstract

An irradiation apparatus including an x-ray or gamma-ray source, an optical distance and surface profile measuring device, and means for adjusting the dose of radiation delivered to a target surface by the source based on a precise measured distance from the source to the target surface. The measuring device has a laser or other beam source and photodetector in known fixed relationship to the radiation source, and a pair of mirrors which are turnable to direct the laser beam from the laser to a sequence of selected spots on the target surface and then to the photodetector. Knowing the geometry of the system, the distance from the radiation source to the sequence of spots on the target surface can be computed. In one embodiment the two mirrors define a baseline of a triangle, with the laser and photodetector lying proximate to the baseline. One mirror rotates at a known speed and sensors determine the orientation of the mirror when that mirror directs light reflected from the target onto the photodetector. The orientation angles of the mirror, together with the width of the baseline, determine the altitude of the triangle formed by the mirrors and the target surface. The altitude combined with the known distance of the radiation source to the baseline determine distances for a profile of the surface. A plurality of profiles form a three-dimensional topographic surface map.

Claims

1. Apparatus for delivering a radiation dose comprising,

radiation source means for producing a beam of ionizing gamma ray or x-ray radiation directed so as to deliver a dose of said radiation to an area of a target surface,

a light source emitting a light beam in a direction transverse to the direction of the ionizing radiation beam,

a photodetector, positioned to receive light scattered from the target surface,

means for scanning the light beam over the area of the target surface,

means for forming a three-dimensional surface profile map of said area of the target surface without movement of the radiation source means or of the light source, and

means responsive to said surface profile map for adjusting said dose of radiation from said radiation source over the area of the target surface,

so that the radiation source means and the light source may be operated simultaneously.

2. Apparatus for delivering a specific radiation dose to a target comprising,

radiation source means for producing a beam of ionizing gamma ray or x-ray radiation directed to as to deliver a dose of such radiation to an area of a target surface,

a light source emitting a light beam in a direction transverse to the direction of the ionizing radiation beam,

a photodetector, positioned to receive scattered light from the target surface,

means for directing said light beam from said light source to a sequence of desired spots in said area on said target surface and for directing light scattered and reflected from said sequence of desired spots to said photodetector without movement of the radiation source means or of the light source,

means for computing the distances from said radiation source to each of said desired spots on said target surface and for constructing a three-dimensional surface profile map of said area of said target surface, and

means responsive to said distances and said surface profile map for adjusting said dose of radiation from said radiation source,

so that the radiation source means and the light source may be operated simultaneously.

3. Apparatus for delivering a specific radiation dose to a target, the apparatus comprising,

radiation source means for producing a beam of ionizing gamma ray or x-ray radiation directed so as to deliver a dose of such radiation to a chosen area of a target surface,

a light source emitting a light beam,

a photodetector positioned to receive the light beam from the light source,

control means for directing the light beam from the light source to a sequence of desired spots in the chosen area on the target surface and for directing light scattered and reflected from the sequence of desired spots to the photodetector, the directing means comprising,

a first mirror positioned in a path of the light beam, the light source and the first mirror defining a baseline therebetween, with the first mirror being rotatable about at least one axis so as to redirect an incident light beam to any of the sequence of desired spots, the orientation of the first mirror being characterized by an angle between the baseline and a path between the first mirror and a desired spot on the target surface, and

a second mirror positioned to receive light scattered and reflected from a desired spot on the target surface, the second mirror being orientable so as to direct at least a portion of the scattered and reflected light toward the photodetector, the orientation of the second mirror being characterized by an angle between the baseline and a path between a desired spot on the target surface and the second mirror,

computer means for computing the distances from said radiation source to each of the desired spots on said target surface and for constructing a three-dimensional surface profile map of said area of the target surface, and

adjustment means responsive to said distances and said surface profile map for adjusting the dose of radiation from the radiation source.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said means for geometrically computing comprises a processor for triangulating from a known distance x between said radiation source and said baseline, a known distance d between said first and second mirrors and said angles α

and β

, a distance D between said radiation source and each of said sequence of desired spots on said target surface, where

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">D=x+d[Cotα

+Cotβ

].sup.-1.

5. The apparatus of claim 3 further comprising means for rotating said second mirror at a known speed, and means for determining said angle β

.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein determining said angle β

comprises,

means for sensing times when said second mirror is in a predetermined orientation, said sensing means generating a start signal at said times,

means for determining a time lag between said start signal and a light detection signal from said photodetector, and

means for calculating from said time lag and said speed of said second mirror the angle β

.

7. An x-ray apparatus with laser distance mapper comprising,

a radiation source for producing a beam of game ray or x-ray radiation directed so as to deliver a dose of said radiation to an area of a target surface,

a laser emitting a light beam,

a first mirror in a path of said light beam, the laser and said first mirror defining a baseline therebetween, said first mirror being turnable about at least one axis and oriented so as to redirect said light beam toward a sequence of spots on said target surface, the orientation of said first mirror characterized by an angle α

between said baseline and a path of said redirected light from said first mirror to said desired spot, said light beam being scattered and reflected by said target surface,

a second mirror disposed proximate to said baseline a known distance d away from said first mirror,

means for orienting said second mirror to direct said reflected and scattered light parallel to said baseline,

a photodetector disposed proximate to said baseline between said first and second mirrors, said photodetector receiving said scattered and reflected light from said target surface via said second mirror when said second mirror is oriented to reflect said light an angle β

, said angle β

defined between a path of said scattered and reflected light from one said desired spot on said target surface to said second mirror and said baseline, said photodetector generating a light detection signal upon receiving said light,

means for determining said angle β

,

means for calculating a distance D from said radiation source to each said spot on said target surface, where D=x+d [cotα

+cot β

]^-1, x being the distance from said radiation source to said baseline,

means responsive to said calculated distance D for attenuating said radiation beam.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said first mirror is turnable about two orthogonal axes.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 further defined by means for turning said first mirror in a scanning pattern so as to scan said light beam over said area of said target surface, and means for constructing a surface profile map of said area of said target surface from a set of distances D for a set of spots scanned by said light beam.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said attenuating means comprise attenuating filters having a controlled profile based on said surface profile map.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said means for orientating said second mirror comprises means for rotating said second mirror at a known speed.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said means for determining said angle β

comprises,

a sensor generating a start signal at times when said second mirror is in a predetermined orientation,

means for determining a time difference between said start signal and said light detection signal,

means for calculating said angle β

from said time difference and said speed of said second mirror.

13. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said photodetector comprises a split area detector.

14. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said radiation source comprises an x-ray tube producing x-rays.

15. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said radiation source comprises a radioactive isotope producing γ

-rays.