Object processing for video system using slips and linked list

• US 4,905,168 A
• Filed: 10/15/1986
• Issued: 02/27/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 10/15/1986
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Midway Games West, Inc. (Light & Wonder Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Atari Incorporated (Infogrames Entertainment SA)
• Inventors: McCarthy, Patrick J., Logg, George E.
• Primary Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Assistant Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/919,236
• Time in Patent Office: 1,231 Days
• Field of Search: 340/724, 340/725, 340/747, 340/750, 340/799, 364/410, 364/521
• US Class Current: 345/474
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/00 Video games, i.e. games using an electronically generated display having two or more dimensions gaming systems which provide a financial reward G07F17/32
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/40 Processing input control signals of video game devices, e.g. signals generated by the player or derived from the environment
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/577 using determination of contact between game characters or objects, e.g. to avoid collision between virtual racing cars
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/203 Image generating hardware
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/643 by determining the impact between objects, e.g. collision detection
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 5/42 characterised by the display of patterns using a display memory without fixed position correspondence between the display memory contents and the display position on the screen

Abstract

There is disclosed herein a system for rapid processing of the data records of many moving and nonmoving objects on a playfield only part of which is displayed and for determining collisions between objects. A search pipeline using a synchrounous state machine searching a linked list of the records organized by approximate position on the playfield implements the search function. A lookahead cycle in the state machine is provided to continue searching for the next object which is to be visible while the graphic data from a previously found object is being loaded into a line buffer. Slips point to the first objects on the list for the current scan line speed up the search process.

Claims

1. An apparatus for rapidly processing data records representing moving and non-moving objects on a playfield to determine which objects to display on a portion of the playfield being displayed on a video display comprising:

means for organizing all of the data records for moving objects to be displayed as a single linked list in memory, said single linked list organized by the locations where the objects would be displayed if the whole playfield were to be displayed;

means for processing only that portion of the single linked list for objects positioned near said portion of said playfield to be displayed;

wherein the data records for said objects include positional information expressed as x and y coordinate offsets from a reference point on the playfield.

2. An apparatus for rapidly processing data records representing moving and non-moving objects on a playfield to determine which objects to display on a portion of the playfield being displayed on a video display comprising:

means for organizing all of the data records for moving objects to be displayed as a single linked list in memory, said single linked list organized by the locations where the objects would be displayed if the whole playfield were to be displayed;

means for processing only that portion of the single linked list for objects positioned near said portion of said playfield to be displayed;

wherein said means for processing includes means for generating a slip indicating where on said linked list to begin processing to determine which moving objects are to be displayed said means for processing also for using said slip to control where processing on said linked list should begin so as to process only those data records for objects which are positioned on said playfield near said portion of said playfield to be displayed.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said video display includes means to scan a plurality of raster scan lines comprised of a plurality of pixels with raster addresses expressed in terms of a position along a y axis which is perpendicular to the direction of scanning of said raster scan lines, the position of the scanning at any particular time expressed as a current raster address, and wherein positions of objects on said playfield are expressed in terms of positions along said y axis and positions along an orthogonal x axis which is parallel to the direction of scanning of said raster scan lines, and wherein said playfield includes a playfield reference point and wherein said means for generating a slip includes means to track at least the current raster address as a y offset of the current raster scanning position from a reference point on the playfield and wherein said slip is generated from data including the y offset of the current raster scanning position.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said means for organizing further comprises means for adjusting the position data of moving objects which have been moved relative to said playfield reference point such that the x and y coordinate offsets in the data records of those objects which have been moved are altered relative to said playfield reference point and for reorganizing said linked list such that said moved objects are on said list in the proper position corresponding to the new position of each object on said playfield.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said means for organizing further comprises means for storing both moving and non-moving object data records in said memory in an ordered, two-dimensional array where each array location maps to a specific area on the playfield.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said two-dimensional array is a collision detect array and further comprising means for collision detection between an object to be moved and other moving and non-moving objects in the vicinity of the object being moved on said display by checking the position data of the data record corresponding to the object to be moved against the position data of objects having data records stored in adjacent locations of said collision detect array, said adjacent locations of said collision detect array being limited to those adjacent positions of said collision detect array which lie in the general direction of movement of the object to be moved.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said means for collision detection checks for collisions with the objects, if any, of the three next adjacent collision detect array locations in the direction of movement if the direction of movement is along either the x axis or the y axis on said display or in the five nearest array locations forming a right angle blocking the movement if the direction of movement is not on the x or y axes.

8. An apparatus for determining which of a plurality of motion objects positioned on a playfield to display on a video display in a window portion of said playfield, said window portion defined by a plurality of sequentially scanned raster scan lines including a current raster scan line defined as the raster scan line being processed at any particular moment:

first means for determining the current positions of said motion objects on said playfield and for storing in memory a data record for each motion object said data record for each said motion object including position information expressed in playfield relative terms as an offset from a known reference position on said playfield, said data records organized as a single linked list organized in the order the motion objects would be displayed if the entire playfield including all the motion objects thereon were to be displayed;

second means for determining the position of said window portion of said playfield on said video display by determining in playfield relative terms as an offset between a point in said window and said playfield reference point;

third means coupled to said second means for generating a slip from the position information of said window on said playfield, said slip defined as a pointer to the address in said memory of the data record which corresponds to the first motion object on said linked list through which said current raster scan line would pass if said current rater scan line extended completely across said playfield;

fourth means coupled to said first, second and third means for using said slip to begin processing data records for motion objects on said linked list starting at the motion object data record identified by said slip to determine which said motion objects to display.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein at the start of each raster scan line said fourth means uses said slip as a link address pointing to a data record on said linked list to begin processing to determine which of said motion objects having records on said linked list are to be displayed.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a counter and a scanning circuit for generating said plurality of raster scan lines which define said window portion, each said raster scan line having a number, said scanning circuit also generating and end-of-line signal signifying when each new raster scan line is to be scanned, said counter being coupled to receive said end-of-line signal from said scanning circuit, said counter also being coupled to said second means to receive data defining the current position of said window portion in terms of the scan line number of the first scan line in said window portion said counter counting said end-of-line signals starting from the scan line number of said first scan line in said window portion to generate a current scan line number, thereby defining the position of the current scan line in playfield relative terms from the scan line number which locates the current window position, and wherein said third means receives said current scan line number and selects said slip address pointer using said current scan line number at the end of each raster scan line.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising means in said first means for reading player operated controls and causing corresponding movement on said display of a plurality of associated player controlled, movable characters, said characters being motion objects whose position and appearance is defined by data records by adjusting position data in the data records of said movable characters and for, from time to time, determining the positions of said player controlled characters and for adjusting the position of said window on said playfield so as to keep all characters visible in said window at all times.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said first means further comprises means for performing collision detection processing between motion objects being moved and other motion objects or other objects on said playfield in a neighboring area of said window, including means for collision detection as to objects located only in predetermined adjacent areas relative to the movement path.

13. An apparatus for displaying selected ones of a plurality of moving objects located in a window portion on a playfield, said window portion comprising a plurality of raster scan line which are sequentially scanned including a current raster scan line, each said raster scan line having a scan line number and comprised of a plurality of sequentially scanned pixels including a current pixel defined as the pixel being scanned at any particular moment, comprising:

means for reading user inputs and other data regarding the movements of said moving objects and for determining the position on the playfield of said moving objects in playfield relative terms with respect to a reference point on said playfield;

means for storing data records regarding said moving objects including their playfield relative positions in a random access memory and for linking the data records of said moving objects as a linked list ordered approximately by the order in which said moving objects would be displayed if all the moving objects on the playfield were to be displayed in raster scan order instead of only the moving objects located within the boundaries of the current window portion;

means for generating a playfield relative slip pointer from the scan line number of the current raster scan line indicating the address of the data record of said linked list for a predetermined moving object;

means for comparing said playfield relative position information of said moving objects on said linked list starting with the moving object indicated by said slip pointer to the current raster scan line number and the position of the window portion to determine which moving objects on said linked list are to be displayed; and

means for displaying the moving objects that are visible in said window portion.

14. A method of determining rapidly which of a plurality of moving objects on a playfield are to be displayed in a movable window displaying a portion of said playfield, said window comprised of a plurality of sequentially scanned raster scan lines including a current raster scan line, and for displaying said moving objects comprising the steps of:

organizing data records recording positions of each moving object on said playfield as a linked list ordered by the sequence in which all the moving objects would be written on a video display if the entire playfield were displayed in raster scan fashion instead of only the portion of the playfield visible in said window portion;

storing said linked list in memory;

generating a slip pointer address based upon said current scan line number, said slip pointer address pointing to the address in said memory of the data record on said linked list corresponding to a moving object positioned on said playfield near or within said window where processing should start; and

processing the data records on said linked list starting with the data record pointed to by said slip pointer address to determine which of said moving objects are at least partially visible in said window;

displaying those objects on said linked list which have position data indicating that said objects are at least partially visible within said window.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein said raster scan lines comprise a frame and further comprising the steps of updating said slip pointer address after a predetermined number of scan lines are displayed and continuously updating said slip pointer address throughout each frame of scan lines and updating the current position of said window at predetermined times and updating the slip pointer address to reflect the new window position at predetermined times.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising the steps of organizing all data records of objects on said playfield into a two dimensional array where each array location maps to a particular area on said playfield, and wherein each data record corresponding to a moving object is stored in an array location corresponding to the playfield relative position of said object where each data record includes position offset data indicating the position of the associated moving object on said playfield relative to a reference point on said playfield and further includes a link field containing a pointer to the address of the data record for the next object on said linked list, and further comprising the steps of reading user controlled inputs regarding the desired movements of said moving objects and adjusting the data records for the objects to be moved by changing said position offset data for each moving object so moved and, if required, reordering said linked list to reflect the new positions of the moving objects so moved by changing the contents of said link field in the data records for objects which have moved and changing the positions in said array of the data records corresponding to moving objects which have been moved to correspond to their new positions on said playfield.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein said playfield also has non-moving objects positioned thereon and further comprising the steps of organizing said non-moving object data records for non-moving objects on said playfield in said two-dimensional array such that the data records for said non-moving objects are stored in the appropriate array locations corresponding to the positions of said non-moving objects on said playfield and comparing the position data for each moving object being moved against the position data of other moving and non-moving objects, if any, in a predetermined pattern of array locations in the path of desired movement to determine if a collision has occurred.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the steps of comparing the position data further comprises the steps of comparing the position data of the moving object sequentially to the position data of the objects having data records stored in said predetermined pattern of array locations and stopping the comparisons upon locating the first data record indicating a collision has occured where a collision has occurred if the positions of two objects are within a predetermined distance of each other.