Multichannel gas analyzer and method of use

• US 4,907,166 A
• Filed: 09/25/1987
• Issued: 03/06/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 10/17/1986
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Nellcor Puritan Bennett Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Original Assignee: Nellcor Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Inventors: Braig, James R., Goldberger, Daniel S., Gallup, David A., Richards, Edward M., Corenman, James E., Rojas, Emil P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Lall, Parshotam S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): TESKA, KEVIN J
• Application Number:
  US07/101,931
• Time in Patent Office: 893 Days
• Field of Search: 250/338, 250/343, 250/345, 250/344, 356/51, 356/437, 364/413.02, 364/496, 364/497, 364/498, 364/499, 364/413.03, 128/719, 422/83
• US Class Current: 702/30
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/083 Measuring rate of metabolism by using breath test, e.g. measuring rate of oxygen consumption
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/3129 Determining multicomponents by multiwavelength light
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/3504 for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/61 Non-dispersive gas analysers G01N21/3504 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2201/121 Correction signals

Abstract

An improved gas analyzer system (FIG. 1) and method of use for detecting and displaying the partial pressures of certain constituent gases in a respiratory gas stream, the system comprising an optical bench (111) through which a respiratory gas flows and in which measurements of the gas are taken; analog input circuits (122) for receiving signals output from the optical bench (111) through which a respiratory gas flows and in which measurements of the gas are taken; analog processing circuits (124) for processing signals output from the analog input circuits (122); display processing circuits (128) for processing the signals output from the analog processing circuits (124) and other system circuitry; pixel logic circuits/analog outputs (130) for processing signals output from the display processing circuitry (128) and providing analog output ports; a five button panel (148), an alarm/knob board (144), and a speaker driver (152) for operator interface and activation of audible and visual alarms; a CRT driver for driving a CRT; and a power supply (158) for powering the system.

Claims

1. A gas analyzer system, comprising:

(a) gas sampling means for removing a sample gas stream from a gas source;

(b) an optical bench with means connected to the gas sampling means, the optical bench, further comprising,

(1) a gas pathway through the optical bench, with the gas pathway having an inlet means for adapting the cross-sectional shape of the sample gas stream being input to the gas pathway to the cross-sectional shape of the gas pathway,

(2) at least one detection channel assembly disposed along the gas pathway that has an optical path through the gas pathway and reference means for generating reference signals, with the detection channel assembly including an energy source for emitting energy capable of being absorbed at least by a gas of interest in the sample gas stream, filter means for transmitting therethrough energy at wavelengths capable of being absorbed by the gas of interest, detector means capable of generating an output signal in proportion to an amount of energy issuing on the detector means from the filter means, and chopping means for during discrete periods causing energy to issue on the detector means for detecting the absorption by the gas of interest in the sample gas stream,

(3) timing means for generating cycle timing signals for use in timing detection events and processing of signals generated by the detector means,

(4) temperature sensing means for measuring the temperature within the optical bench,

(5) pressure measuring means for measuring the pressure within the gas pathway;

(6) storage means for storing information for characterizing components of the optical bench, and

(7) circuitry for processing signals generated by the detector means relative to signals generated by the reference means, the timing means, the temperature sensing means, and the pressure sensing means, and for processing signals from the storage means that are representative of the information for characterizing the optical bench components; and

(c) fluid flow control means including at least a first pump means for drawing the sample gas stream through the gas pathway at a predetermined rate and flow sensing means for measuring flow rate of the sample gas stream through the gas pathway,

(d) analog signal processing circuitry, further comprising,

(1) analog input circuits for receiving signals output from the optical bench, processing these signals and converting them from analog to digital signals,

(2) signal processing circuits for receiving the digital outputs from the analog input circuits and correcting the signals indicative of the partial pressure of the gas of interest in the gas pathway for temperature, collision broadening, cross-correction, pressure in the gas pathway, and characterization of the optical bench components, and

(3) output circuit for providing at least the corrected signals for the partial pressure of the gas of interest in the gas pathway to display processing circuitry; and

(e) display processing circuitry for receiving the digital signals output from the analog signal processing circuitry, processing the signals, and generating signals for controlling the display of information on a display means, for output from the system, and for activation of alarm means when appropriate.

2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein when the detector means is a lead selenide detector.

3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of CO₂.

4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of N₂ O.

5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the energy source is an infrared source.

6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the pressure sensing means includes an absolute-type pressure sensor.

7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow sensing means includes a differential-type pressure sensor.

8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow rate of the sample gas stream through the gas pathway is preferably 50 cc/min.

9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the system has a response time of not greater than 100 milliseconds.

10. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the microprocessor determines the partial pressure of the gas of interest for display according to the expression:

##EQU6## where, X=the gas of interest.

PP[X]=The final partial pressure of the gas of interest corrected for the pressure in the gas pathway, barometric pressure, cross-correction, collision broadening, temperature, and characterization.

Barometric Prs_N =the last measured barometric pressure stored in a memory.

SampleCellPrs=the pressure measured in the sample cell (optical bench) when the gas voltages are measured.

11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the optical bench operates over a range of temperatures.

12. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the inlet means shapes the sample gas stream from a circular cross-section to a rectangular cross-section.

13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the flow shaper further includes a filter disposed across the sample gas stream which assists in flow shaping.

14. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the system further includes a shield means for shielding against background energy ingressing the optical path.

15. The system as recited in claim 14, wherein the shield means further includes a first aperture means disposed adjacent the second window or shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy, a second aperture means spaced way from the first aperture means for shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy, and the chopping means disposed between the first and second apertures means.

16. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the reference means includes a reference cell containing a fixed amount of gas.

17. The system as recited in claim 16, wherein the detector channel assembly further includes a first window mounted as a portion of a sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell, the energy source mounted behind the first window to provide energy through the first window into the gas pathway and the reference cell and a second window mounted as a portion of the opposing sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell from the first window for passing energy out of the gas pathway and the reference cell.

18. The system as recited in claim 16, wherein the reference cell is disposed adjacent to the gas pathway in the optical path of the detection channel assembly.

19. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the fluid flow control means further includes a first valve means for controlling the choice of fluid flows through the gas pathway.

20. The system as recited in claim 19, wherein the fluid flow control means further includes a second valve means for backflushing the gas sampling means.

21. The system as recited in claim 20, wherein the flow control means further includes third and fourth valve means capable of redirecting the fluid flow through an external device for measurement of predetermined constituents of a fluid flow, and a fifth valve means which in conjunction with the first valve means, the first pump means and the flow sensing means is used for determining the fluidtight integrity of the gas pathway.

22. An optical bench, comprising:

(a) a gas pathway through the optical bench, with the gas pathway having an inlet means for adapting the cross-sectional shape of a sample gas stream being input to the gas pathway to the cross-sectional shape of the gas pathway,

(b) at least one detection channel assembly disposed along the gas pathway that has an optical path through the gas pathway and reference means for generating reference signals, with the detection channel assembly including an energy source for emitting energy capable of being absorbed at least by a gas of interest in the sample gas stream, filter means for transmitting therethrough energy at wavelengths capable of being absorbed by the gas of interest, detector means capable of generating an output signal in proportion to an amount of energy issuing on the detector means from the filter means, and chopping means for during discrete periods causing energy to issue on the detector means for detecting the absorption by the gas of interest in the sample gas stream;

(c) timing means for generating cycle timing signals for use in timing detection events and processing of signals generated by the detector means;

(d) temperature sensing means for measuring the temperature within the optical bench,

(e) pressure measuring means for measuring the pressure within the gas pathway;

(f) storage means for storing information for characterizing components of the optical bench; and

(g) circuitry for processing signals generated by the detector means relative to signals generated by the reference means, the timing means, the temperature sensing means, and the pressure sensing means, and for processing signals from the storage means that are representative of the information for characterizing the components of the optical bench.

23. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the detector means is a lead selenide detector.

24. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of CO₂.

25. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of N₂ O.

26. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the energy source is an infrared source.

27. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the inlet means shapes the sample gas stream from a circular cross-section to a rectangular cross-section.

28. The optical bench as recited in claim 27, wherein the flow shaper further includes a filter disposed across the sample gas stream which assists in flow shaping.

29. The optical bench recited in claim 22, wherein the optical bench further includes a shield means for shielding against background energy ingressing the optical path.

30. The system as recited in claim 29, wherein the shield means further includes a first aperture means disposed adjacent the second window for shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy a second aperture means spaced away from the first aperture means for shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy and the chopping means disposed between the first and second aperture means.

31. The optical bench as recited in claim 22, wherein the reference means includes a reference cell containing a fixed amount of gas.

32. The optical bench as recited in claim 31, wherein the reference cell is disposed adjacent to the gas pathway in the optical path of the detection channel assembly.

33. The optical bench as recited in claim 31, wherein the detector channel assembly includes comprises a first window mounted as a portion of a sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell, the energy source mounted behind the first window to provide energy through the first window into the gas pathway and the reference cell, a second window mounted as a portion of the opposing sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell from the first window for passing energy out of the gas pathway and the reference cell.

34. The optical bench as recited in claim 33, wherein the pressure sensing means includes an absolute-type pressure sensor.

35. The optical bench of recited in claim 33, wherein the optical bench operates over a range of temperatures.

36. A gas analyzer apparatus, comprising:

(a) an optical bench, further comprising,

(1) a gas pathway through the optical bench, with the gas pathway having an inlet means for adapting the cross-sectional shape of a sample gas stream being input to the gas pathway to the cross-sectional shape of the gas pathway,

(2) at least gas one detection channel assembly disposed along the gas pathway that has an optical path through the gas pathway and reference means for generating reference signals, with the detection channel assembly including an energy source for emitting energy capable of being absorbed at least by a gas of interest in the sample gas stream, filter means for transmitting therethrough energy at wavelengths capable of being absorbed by the gas of interest, detector means capable of generating an output signal in proportion to an amount of energy issuing on the detector means form the filter means, and chopping means for during discrete periods causing energy to issue on the detector means for detecting the absorption the gas of interest in the sample gas stream,

(3) timing means for generating cycle timing signals for use in timing detection events and processing of signals generated by the detector means,

(4) temperature sensing means for measuring the temperature within the optical bench,

(5) pressure measuring means for measuring the pressure within the gas pathway,

(6) storage means for storing information for characterizing components of the optical bench, and

(7) circuitry for processing the signals generated by the detector means relative to signals generated by the reference means, the timing means, the temperature sensing means, and the pressure sensing means, and for processing signals from the storage means that are representative of the information for characterizing the optical bench components;

(b) fluid flow control means including at least first pump means for drawing the sample gas stream through the gas pathway at a predetermined rate and flow sensing means for measuring flow rate of the sample gas stream through the gas pathway;

(c) analog signal processing circuitry further comprising,

(1) analog input circuits for receiving signals output from the optical bench, processing these signals and converting them from analog to digital signals,

(2) signal processing circuits for receiving the digital outputs from the analog input circuits and correcting the signals indicative of the partial pressure of the gas of interest in the gas pathway for temperature, collision broadening, cross-correction, pressure in the gas pathway, and characterization of the optical bench components, and

(3) output circuit for providing at least the corrected signals for the partial pressure of the gas of interest in the gas pathway to display processing circuitry; and

(d) display processing circuitry for receiving the digital signals output from the analog signal processing circuitry, processing the signals, and generating signals for controlling the display of information or a display means, for output from the apparatus, and for activation of alarm means when appropriate.

37. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein when the detector means is a lead selenide detector.

38. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of CO₂.

40. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the energy source is an infrared source.

41. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the pressure sensing means includes an absolute-type pressure sensor.

42. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the flow sensing means includes a differential-type pressure sensor.

43. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the flow rate of the sample gas stream through the gas pathway is preferably 50 cc/min.

44. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the system has a response time of not greater than 100 milliseconds.

45. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the microprocessor in the analog signal processing circuitry determines the partial pressure of the gas of interest for display according to the expression:

##EQU7## where, X=the gas of interest.

PP[=]the partial pressure of the gas of interest corrected for the pressure in the gas pathway, barometric pressure, cross-correction collision broadening, temperature, and characterization.

Barometric Prs_N =the last measured barometric pressure stored in a memory.

SampleCellPrs=the pressure measured in the sample cell (optical bench) when the gas voltage are measured.

46. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the optical bench operates over a range of temperatures.

47. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the inlet means shapes the sample gas stream from a circular cross-section to a rectangular cross-section.

48. The apparatus as recited in claim 47, wherein the flow shaper further includes a filter disposed across the sample gas stream which assists in flow shaping.

49. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the apparatus further includes a shield means for shielding against background energy ingressing the optical path.

50. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, wherein the shield means further includes a first aperture means disposed adjacent the second window for shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy, a second aperture means spaced away from the first aperture means for shielding the optical path against ingress of background energy, and the chopping means disposed between the first and second aperture means.

51. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the reference means includes a reference cell containing a fixed amount of gas.

52. The apparatus as recited in claim 51, wherein the detector channel assembly further includes a first window mounted as a portion of a sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell, the energy source mounted behind the first window to provide energy through the first window into the gas pathway and the reference cell and a second window mounted as a portion of the opposing sidewall of each the gas pathway and the reference cell from the first window for passing energy out of the gas pathway and the reference cell.

53. The apparatus as recited in claim 51, wherein the reference cell is disposed adjacent to the gas pathway in the optical path of the detection channel assembly.

54. The apparatus as recited in claim 36, wherein the fluid flow control means further includes a first valve means for controlling the choice of fluid flows through the gas pathway.

55. The apparatus as recited in claim 54, wherein the fluid flow control means further includes a second valve means for controlling the flow of a backflush fluid stream to a gas sampling means.

56. The apparatus as recited in claim 55, wherein the apparatus further includes third and fourth valve means capable of redirecting the fluid flow through an external device for measurement of predetermined constituents of a fluid flow, and a fifth valve means which in conjunction with the first valve means, the first pump means and the flow sensor means, is used for determining the fluid-tight integrity of the gas pathway.

39. The apparatus as recited in clam 36, wherein the filter means passes energy having wavelengths in the absorption band of N₂ O.