Method and apparatus for frequency analysis of telephone signals

• US 4,932,062 A
• Filed: 05/15/1989
• Issued: 06/05/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 05/15/1989
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Original Assignee: Dialogic, Inc. (Enghouse Systems Limited)
• Inventors: Hamilton, Chris A.
• Primary Examiner(s): KEMENY, EMANUEL
• Application Number:
  US07/351,393
• Time in Patent Office: 386 Days
• Field of Search: 381/43, 381/46, 364/726, 364/485
• US Class Current: 704/233
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 23/16 Spectrum analysis; Fourier analysis
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 15/00 Speech recognition G10L17/00 takes precedence

Abstract

For faster realtime analysis related to Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), prestored pre-multiplied values of amplitude times cosine and sine functions are used. Method and apparatus for determining the content of a predetermined frequency bin f in the frequency spectrum of a signal and, in particular, a signal which occurs in a telephone network, includes the step of storing on a storage means:

C.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *cos(2πkn/N) and S.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k

*sin(2πkn/N)

for: k=0, . . . , (N-1); n=0, . . . , (n-1); and x_k ranging over all the values of the set of M predetermined digital levels into which the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is a digital signal, or into which a sample of the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is an analog signal. N is a predetermined number of amplitudes or samples of the amplitude of the signal which are used in analyzing the frequency spectrum and n is a frequency index.

Claims

1. A method for identifying an analog or digital signal on a telecommunications line which was produced by a predetermined human voice response, which method comprises the steps of:

(a) storing C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) where;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">C.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *cos (2π

kn/N) and S.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *sin (2π

kn/N)

for;

k=0, . . . , (N-1);

n=0, . . . , (N-1); and

x_k ranging over all the values of a set of M predetermined digital levels into which the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is a digital signal, or into which samples of the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is an analog signal

where;

N is a predetermined number of values of the signal, if the signal is a digital signal, or N is the predetermined number of samples of the signal, if the signal is an analog signal, which values or samples are used in determining at least a portion of the frequency spectrum; and

n is an index of frequency bins of the frequency spectrum;

(b) determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal exceeds a first predetermined sound level, setting a timer and a frame counter;

(c) obtaining a digital value from the signal, the digital value comprising an amplitude value of the signal if the signal is a digital signal and the digital value comprising a sample of the amplitude of the signal if the signal is an analog signal;

(d) matching the digital value with one of the predetermined set of M predetermined digital levels into which the signal is mapped to provide a value x_j ;

(e) retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j from storage for each of predetermined frequency bins f for the value x_j ;

(f) accumulating the sum of C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) for N digital values x_j, by repeating steps (c) through step (f) a sufficient number of times, to provide the real and imaginary part of the content for each of the predetermined frequency bins f;

(g) determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal falls below a second predetermined sound level, proceeding to step (i), otherwise proceeding to step (h);

(h) determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f from the real and imaginary part of the content thereof, incrementing the frame counter and the timer and, if the frame counter is less than a predetermined frame count, proceeding to step (c), otherwise, storing the measure of energy in the predetermined frequency bins f for predetermined frames, resetting the frame counter and proceeding to step (c);

(i) determining if the timer is outside of a predetermined time range and, if so, transmitting a message that the signal corresponds to an unrecognized response;

(j) comparing variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f in predetermined frames with predetermined variations of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f for the predetermined human voice response and, if they compare within predetermined limits, transmitting a message that the predetermined human voice response has been detected.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (a) of storing comprises storing all of the values of C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) and wherein step (e) of retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) utilizes the values x_j as a pointer into storage.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein step (a) of storing comprises storing a subset of all of the values of C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n), wherein the subset includes values which are different.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein step (e) of retrieving and step (f) of accumulating are performed on a processor wherein a different subroutine is used to carry out step (e) of retrieving and step (f) of accumulating for each of the N values.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein step (h) of determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f comprises summing the absolute value of the real and the absolute value of the imaginary part of the contents of each of the predetermined frequency bins f.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein step (h) of determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f comprises summing the square of the real and the square of the imaginary part of the contents of each of the predetermined frequency bins f.

7. The method of claim 1 for use in identifying a signal which was produced by a human voice response of "yes" wherein the predetermined number of frequency bins f is two.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein one of the predetermined frequency bins f has a substantially higher frequency than the other.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein step (h) of determining a measure of energy and storing the measure for predetermined frames comprises storing the measure for the last two frames where the sound level of the signal exceeded the second predetermined sound level, the measure for the lower frequency bin being referred to as the "lower frequency measure" and the measure for the higher frequency bin being referred to as the "higher frequency measure";

wherein step (j) of comparing comprises determining a fraction for each of the last two frames, which fraction equals;

##EQU4## and comparing the sum of the fractions for the last two frames with a predetermined amount and transmitting a message that the predetermined human voice response was "yes" if the sum of the fractions exceeds the predetermined amount.

10. A method for identifying an analog or digital signal on a telecommunications line which was produced by a predetermined human voice response, which method comprises the steps of:

(a) storing C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) where;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">C.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *cos (2π

kn/N) and S.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *sin (2π

kn/N)

for;

k=0, . . . , (N-1);

n=0 , . . . , (N-1); and

x_k ranging over all the values of a set of M predetermined digital levels into which the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is a digital signal, or into which a sample of the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is an analog signal

where;

N is a predetermined number of values of the signal, if the signal is a digital signal, or N is a predetermined number of samples of the signal, if the signal is an analog signal, which values or samples are used in determining at least a portion of the frequency spectrum; and

n is an index of frequency bins of the frequency spectrum;

(b) determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal exceeds a first predetermined sound level, setting a timer and a frame counter;

(c) obtaining digital values from the signal, the digital values comprising N amplitude values of the signal if the signal is a digital signal and the digital values comprising N samples of the amplitude of the signal if the signal is an analog signal;

(d) matching each of the digital values with one of the predetermined set of M predetermined digital levels into which the signal is mapped to provide N values x_j for j=0, . . . , N-1;

(e) retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) from storage for each of predetermined frequency bins f and each of the N values x_j ;

(f) accumulating the sum of C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) for the N values x_j to provide the real and imaginary part of the content for each of the predetermined frequency bins f;

(g) determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal falls below a second predetermined sound level, proceeding to step (i), otherwise proceeding to step (h);

(h) determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f from the real and imaginary part of the content thereof, incrementing the frame counter and the timer and, if the frame counter is less than a predetermined frame count, proceeding to step (c), otherwise, storing the measure of energy in the predetermined frequency bins f for predetermined frames, resetting the frame counter and proceeding to step (c);

(i) determining if the timer is outside of a predetermined timer range and, if so transmitting a message that the signal corresponds to an unrecognized response;

(j) comparing variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f in predetermined frames with predetermined variations of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f for the predetermined human voice response and, if they compare within predetermined limits, transmitting a message that the predetermined human voice response has been detected.

11. Apparatus for identifying an analog or digital signal on a telecommunications line which was produced by a predetermined human voice response, which apparatus comprises:

storage means for storing C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) where;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">C.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *cos (2π

kn/N) and S.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *sin (2π

kn/N)

for;

k=0, . . . , (N-1);

n=0, . . . , (N-1); and

x_k ranging over all the values of a set of M predetermined digital levels into which the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is a digital signal, or into which a sample of the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is an analog signal

where;

N is a predetermined number of values of the signal, if the signal is a digital signal, or N is a predetermined number of samples of the signal, if the signal is an analog signal, which are used in determining at least a portion of the frequency spectrum; and

n is an index of frequency bins of the frequency spectrum;

sound level for determining the sound level of the signal and for transmitting a sound level indicator signal;

first initial means, responsive to the sound level indicator signal, for setting a timer and a frame counter when the sound level of the signal exceeds a first predetermined sound level and for sending a signal to a second initial means;

second initial means, responsive to a signal from a measure means or the first initial means, for initializing a sum of C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) for N amplitude values of the signal, if the signal is a digital signal, or for N samples of the amplitude of the signal, if the signal is an analog signal, and for sending a signal to a value means;

value means, responsive to a signal from the first initial means or the accumulating means, for obtaining a digital value from the signal, the digital value comprising an amplitude value of the signal if the signal is a digital signal and the digital value comprising a sample of the amplitude of the signal if the signal is an analog signal;

matching means, responsive to a signal from the value means, for matching the digital value with one of the predetermined set of M predetermined digital levels into which the signal is mapped to provide a value x_j ;

retrieving means, responsive to a signal from the matching means, for retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) from the storage means for each of predetermined frequency bins f for the value x_j ;

accumulating means, responsive to a signal from the retrieving means, for accumulating the sum of C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) for the value of x_j to provide the real and imaginary part of the content for each of the predetermined frequency bins f and for determining if this is the Nth value of x_j and, if so, for transmitting a signal to a level means, otherwise, transmitting a signal to the value means;

level means, responsive to a signal from the accumulating means and the sound level indicator signal, for determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal falls below a second predetermined sound level, for sending a signal to a time check means, otherwise, for sending a signal to the measure means;

measure means, responsive to a signal from the level means, for determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f from the real and imaginary part of the content thereof, for incrementing the frame counter and the timer and, if the frame counter is less than a predetermined frame count, for sending a signal to the second initial means, otherwise, for storing the measure of energy in the predetermined frequency bins f for predetermined frames, for resetting the frame counter, and for sending a signal to the second initial means;

time check means, responsive to a signal from the level means, for determining if the timer is outside of a predetermined time range and, if so, for transmitting a message signal denoting that the signal corresponds to an unrecognized response; and

, otherwise, for transmitting a signal to a comparison means;

comparison means, responsive to a signal from the time check means, for comparing variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f in predetermined frames with predetermined variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f for the predetermined human voice response and, if they compare within predetermined limits, for transmitting a message signal denoting that the predetermined human voice response has been detected.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the storage means comprises means for storing all of the values of C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) and wherein the retrieving means for retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) utilizes the values x_j as a pointer into storage.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the storage means comprises means for storing a subset of all of the values of C_k (x_k, n) and S_k (x_k,n), wherein the subset includes values which are different.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the retrieving means and the accumulating means comprise a processor means wherein a different subroutine retrieves and accumulates for each of the N values.

15. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the measure means comprises means for summing the absolute value of the real and the absolute value of the imaginary part of the contents of each of the predetermined frequency bins f.

16. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the measure means comprises means for summing the square of the real and the square of the imaginary part of the contents of each of the predetermined frequency bins f.

17. The apparatus of claim 11 for use in identifying a signal which was produced by a human voice response of "yes" wherein the predetermined number of frequency bins f is two.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein one of the predetermined frequency bins f has a substantially higher frequency than the other.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the measure means comprises means for storing the measure for the last two frames where the sound level of the signal exceeded the second predetermined sound level, the measure for the lower frequency bin being referred to as the "lower frequency measure" and the measure for the higher frequency bin being referred to as the "higher frequency measure";

wherein the comparison means comprises means for determining a fraction for each of the last two frames, which fraction equals;

##EQU5## and means for comparing the sum of the fractions for the last two frames with a predetermined amount and for transmitting a message signal denoting that the predetermined human voice response was "yes" if the sum of the fractions exceeds the predetermined amount.

20. Apparatus for identifying an analog or digital signal on a telecommunications line which was produced by a predetermined human voice response, which apparatus comprises:

means for storing C_k (x_k,n) and S_k (x_k,n) where;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">C.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *cos (2π

kn/N) and S.sub.k (x.sub.k,n)=x.sub.k *sin (2π

kn/N)

for;

k=0, . . . , (N-1);

n=0, . . . , (N-1); and

x_k ranging over all the values of a set of M predetermined digital levels into which the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is a digital signal, or into which a sample of the amplitude of the signal is mapped, if the signal is an analog signal

where;

N is a predetermined number of values of the signal, if the signal is a digital signal, or N is a predetermined number of samples of the signal, if the signal is an analog signal, which are used in determining at least a portion of the frequency spectrum; and

n is an index of frequency bins of the frequency spectrum;

sound level means for determining the sound level of the signal and for transmitting a sound level indicator signal;

initial means, responsive to the sound level indicator signal, for setting a timer and a frame counter when the sound level of the signal exceeds a first predetermined sound level and for sending a signal to a value means;

value means, responsive to a signal from the initial means or a measure means, for obtaining digital values from the signal, the digital values comprising N amplitude values of the signal if the signal is a digital signal and the digital values comprising N samples of the amplitude of the signal if the signal is an analog signal;

matching means, responsive to a signal from the value means, for matching each of the digital values with one of the predetermined set of M predetermined digital levels into which the signal is mapped to provide N values x_j for j=0, . . . , N-1;

retrieving means, responsive to a signal from the matching means, for retrieving C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) from the storage means for each of predetermined frequency bins f and each of the values x_j ;

accumulating means, responsive to a signal from the retrieving means, for accumulating the sum of C_j (x_j,f) and S_j (x_j,f) for the N values x_j to provide the real and imaginary part of the content for each of the predetermined frequency bins f, and for sending a signal to a level means;

level means, responsive to a signal from the accumulating means and the sound level indicator signal, for determining the sound level of the signal and, when the sound level of the signal falls below a second predetermined sound level, for sending a signal to a time check means, otherwise, for sending a signal to the measure means;

measure means, responsive to a signal from the level means, for determining a measure of energy for each of the predetermined frequency bins f from the real and imaginary part of the content thereof, for incrementing the frame counter and the timer and, if the frame counter is less than a predetermined frame count, for sending a signal to the value means, otherwise;

for storing the measure of energy in the predetermined frequency bins f for predetermined frames, for resetting the frame counter, and for sending a signal to the value means;

time check means, responsive to a signal from the level means, for determining if the timer is outside of a predetermined time range and, if so, for transmitting a message signal denoting that the signal corresponds to an unrecognized response; and

, otherwise, for transmitting a signal to a comparison means;

comparison means, responsive to a signal from the time check means, for comparing variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f in predetermined frames with predetermined variations of functions of the measure of energy for the predetermined frequency bins f for the predetermined human voice response and, if they compare within predetermined limits, for transmitting a message signal denoting that the predetermined human voice response has been detected.