Quick three-dimensional display

• US 5,079,699 A
• Filed: 08/09/1989
• Issued: 01/07/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 11/27/1987
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Original Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Inventors: Tuy, Heang K., Krochta, Todd J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hayes, Gail O.
• Application Number:
  US07/391,484
• Time in Patent Office: 881 Days
• Field of Search: 364/413.19, 364/413.22, 364/522, 340/729
• US Class Current: 345/424
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 11/006 Inverse problem, transformation from projection-space into object-space, e.g. transform methods, back-projection, algebraic methods
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 17/00 Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects

Abstract

A diagnostic imaging system generates a three-dimensional display from a series of two-dimensional slice images. A region of interest, defined from a boundary of interest, is selected from one slice and is extrapolated to subsequent slices. Pixels representative of the boundary of interest are isolated and represented by three vectors having an equivalent entries in each. First and second vectors store data representative of first and second coordinates for pixels within each slice. Entries in the third vector corresponds to physical properties of a specimen at a location defined by corresponding entries in the first and second vectors. Areas representative of boundaries of interest falling between slices are extrapolated from vector data from slices neighboring the area. This is accomplished by a linear interpolation of elements of the set of smaller vectors to a number equivalent to the entries in the neighboring larger vectors. Next, a linear extrapolation between respective elements of the lengthened vector and the longer of the vector is made. Finally, a linear interpolation of the intermediate vector to a number of vector elements intermediate the larger and smaller of the neighboring vectors is made. This process is suitably continued during a preselected number of iterations. Finally, a discretized three-dimensional object represented by all sets of first, second, and third vectors are mapped to pixels of an associated pixel frame.

Claims

1. A method for forming three-dimensional images from a plurality of two-dimensional images comprising the steps of:

acquiring a series of generally parallel slices from an associated specimen, each slice being represented by a generally planar array of voxels, each voxel being defined by unique first and second spatial dimensions along the slice, and a viewing value representative of a physical characteristic of the associated specimen thereat;

isolating a subset of voxels along a boundary of interest in each slice, which boundary of interest defines a region of interest;

for each slice,

defining a first vector array of data representative of the first coordinate of each subset of voxels thereof;

defining a second vector array of data representative of the second coordinate of each subset of voxels thereof;

defining a third vector for each subset of data representative of the viewing value for each subset of voxels thereof;

discretizing a three-dimensional object represented by the first, second, and third vectors of each boundary of interest of each slice such that each voxel thereof maps to a pixel of an associated picture frame; and

projecting the discretized object to the picture frame.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising a slice interpolation step of interpolating, from homologous boundaries of interest of neighboring slices, a subset of voxels representative of an intermediate boundary of interest displaced intermediate each of the neighboring slices.

3. The method of claim 2 further comprising a vector interpolation step of interpolating, prior to the slice interpolation step, the boundaries of interest of neighboring slices to equivalent lengths between corresponding first, second, and third vectors.

4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of masking selected portions of a discretized object from projection to the picture frame.

5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of selectively scaling voxels of a discretized image in accordance with a relationship between the discretized image and a direction of projection to the picture frame, whereby a projected image on the picture frame includes depth shading.

6. A system for generating a three-dimensional image from a series of two dimensional images comprising:

acquisition means for acquiring a series of generally parallel slices, from an associated specimen, each slice being represented by a generally planar array of voxels, each voxel being defined by unique first and second spatial dimensions along the slice, and a viewing value representative of a physical characteristic of the associated specimen thereat;

selection means for isolating a subset of voxels along a boundary of interest in each slice, which boundary of interest defines a region of interest;

vector generating means for generating vector data representative of the boundary of interest in each slice comprised of,

a first vector array of data representative of the first dimension of each subset of voxels thereof;

a second vector array of data representative of the second dimension of each subset of voxels thereof;

a third, vector for each subset of data representative of the viewing value for each subset of voxels thereof;

means for discretizing a three-dimensional object represented by the first, second, and third vectors of each boundary of interest of each slice such that each voxel thereof maps to a pixel of an associated planar picture frame; and

means for projecting the discretized object to the picture frame.

7. The system of claim 6 further comprising a slice interpolation means for interpolating, from boundaries of interest of neighboring slices, a subset of voxels representative of an intermediate boundary of interest displaced intermediate each of the neighboring slices.

8. The system of claim 7 further comprising a vector interpolation means for interpolating, prior to the slice interpolation step, the boundaries of interest of neighboring slices to equivalent lengths between corresponding first, second, and third vectors.

9. The system of claim 8 further comprising a masking means for masking selected portions of a discretized object from projection to the picture frame.

10. The system of claim 9 further comprising scaling means for selectively scaling voxels of a discretized image in accordance with a relationship between the discretized image and a direction of projection to the picture frame so that each voxel is projected to a single pixel of the picture frame, whereby a projected image on the picture frame includes depth shading.

11. A three-dimensional image generator comprising:

slice generating means for generating a series of N generally parallel two-dimensional image slices, each image slice being comprised of a generally planar array of spatially encoded voxels, each of which is assigned gray-scale value in accordance with a physical property of an associated specimen corresponding thereto;

means for selecting a boundary of interest in each of the image slices, which boundary of interest defines a region of interest;

means for isolating boundary voxels of each two-dimensional image slice which intersect the boundary of interest;

means for representing the boundary voxels for each of the slices as a three vectors, including a first vector representative of a first spatial dimension of each voxel, a second vector representative of a second spatial dimension of each voxel, and a third vector representative of a gray-scale value for each voxel;

slice interpolation means for interpolating first, second and third vectors for N additional slices, each of which is disposed intermediate two of the image slices, from first, second, and third vectors associated with the two of the image slices adjacent thereto, where N is defined as any positive integer; and

means for discretizing a three-dimensional object represented by the first, second, and third vectors of each of the slices such that each voxel represented thereby maps to a pixel of an associated picture frame.

12. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 11 further comprising means for selectively performing M additional iterations of interpolating first, second, and third vectors disposed intermediate each two previous slices, where M is defined as any integer value greater than one.

13. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 12 wherein the slice interpolation means includes:

comparison means for comparing a lengths of vectors of neighboring slices; and

vector interpolation means for calculating a linear interpolation among elements of the shorter of the vectors of the neighboring slices, as dictated by the comparison means, to a lengthened vector having number of elements equal to that of the larger of the vectors of the neighboring slices.

14. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 13 further comprising means for calculating a linear interpolation between respective elements of the longer of the vectors and the lengthened vector to achieve the interpolated first, second, and third vectors disposed between the neighboring slices.

15. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 14 wherein the slice generating means is comprised of a magnetic resonance imaging device.

16. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 14 wherein the slice generating means is comprised of a computed tomography scanner.

17. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 14 further comprising means projecting a discretized object to an associated picture frame.

18. The three-dimensional image generator of claim 17 further comprising means for masking selected portions of a discretized object from projection to the associated picture frame.

19. A method of three-dimensional image generation comprising the steps of:

(a) acquiring a series of generally parallel slices, from an associated specimen, each slice being represented by a generally planar array of voxels, each voxel being defined by unique first and second spatial dimensions along the slice, and a viewing value representative of a physical characteristic of the associated specimen thereat;

(b) isolating a subset of voxels along a boundary of interest in a first slice of the series of slices, which boundary of interest defines a region of interest;

extrapolating the boundary of interest to remaining slices of the series of slices to define a three-dimensional object of interest;

(c) for each slice,

(i) defining a first vector array of data representative of the first coordinate of each subset of voxels thereof;

(ii) defining a second vector array of data representative of the second coordinate of each subset of voxels thereof; and

(iii) defining a third vector for each subset of data representative of the viewing value for each subset of voxels thereof;

discretizing a three-dimensional object represented by the first, second, and third vectors of each boundary of interest of each slice such that each voxel thereof maps to a pixel of an associated picture frame; and

projecting the discretized object to the picture frame.

20. The method of claim 19 further comprising the steps of selecting an area of interest within the first slice and extrapolating the area of interest to the remaining slices, prior to step (b).