Discrete constant pressure staging of solid-vapor compound reactors
First Claim
1. A method of staging solid-vapor compound reactions comprising:
- selecting a plurality of two or more different compounds comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, wherein each of said compounds has a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant,locating a different one of said compounds in a different one of a plurality reactors,in a first reaction cycle, operating a first portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in a first pressure, whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a second pressure whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, andin a second reaction cycle, operating said first portion of said reactors at said second pressure whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in said first pressure whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, anddirecting gaseous reactant released from said desorbing reactors to a single condensing means for said gaseous reactant, directing condensed gaseous reactant from said single condensing means to a single evaporating means said gaseous reactant, and directing evaporated gaseous reactant from said single evaporating means to adsorbing reactors.
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Abstract
A method of transferring and recovering energy comprises placing in different reactors two or more different solid adsorbents having a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon and each having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, in a first reaction cycle, pressurizing a first portion of the reactors at a first pressure to desorb the gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, and pressurizing a second portion of the reactors at a second pressure to adsorb the gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and in a second reaction cycle, pressurizing the first portion of the reactors at the second pressure to adsorb the gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and pressurizing the second portion of the reactors at the first pressure to desorb the gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, and directing at least a portion of the heat released during the exothermic reactions or at least a portion of heat adsorbed during the endothermic reactions to heat exchange means for energy recovery.
The invention includes apparatus having means for carrying out the process.
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Citations
51 Claims
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1. A method of staging solid-vapor compound reactions comprising:
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selecting a plurality of two or more different compounds comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, wherein each of said compounds has a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant, locating a different one of said compounds in a different one of a plurality reactors, in a first reaction cycle, operating a first portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in a first pressure, whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a second pressure whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and in a second reaction cycle, operating said first portion of said reactors at said second pressure whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in said first pressure whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction, and directing gaseous reactant released from said desorbing reactors to a single condensing means for said gaseous reactant, directing condensed gaseous reactant from said single condensing means to a single evaporating means said gaseous reactant, and directing evaporated gaseous reactant from said single evaporating means to adsorbing reactors. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)
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19. An improved method of staging solid-vapor compound reactions comprising:
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selecting a plurality of two or more different compounds comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, wherein each of said compounds has a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lower alkanol, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine, and wherein said solid reactant is a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, oxalate or sulfides of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt, locating a different one of said compounds in a different one of a plurality of reactors, in a first reaction cycle, operating a first portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in a first pressure, whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction and directing the desorbed gaseous reactant to receiving means for adsorbing said gaseous reactant, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a second pressure, lower than said first pressure, and directing gaseous reactant from receiving means thereto whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and in a second reaction cycle, operating said first portion of said reactors at said second pressure and directing gaseous reactant from receiving means thereto whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction and operating said second portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in said first pressure whereby said compounds therein desorb said gaseous reactant in and endothermic reaction, and directing said desorbed gaseous reactant to receiving means for adsorbing said gaseous reactant. - View Dependent Claims (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
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26. An improved method of staging solid-vapor compound reactions comprising:
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selecting a plurality of two or more different compounds comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, wherein each of said compounds has a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lower alkanol, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine, and wherein said solid reactant is a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, nitrate, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate or sulfide of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali methal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt, locating a different one of said compounds in a different one of a plurality reactors, in a first reaction cycle, operating a first position of said reactors at a temperature resulting in a first pressure, whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant at said pressure in an endothermic reaction and directing the desorbed gaseous reactant to a condenser and operating said second portion of said reactors at a second pressure, lower than said first pressure, and directing gaseous reactant from an evaporator thereto whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, in a second reaction cycle, operating said first portion of said reactors at said second pressure and directing gaseous reactant from said evaporator thereto whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant in an exothermic reaction, and operating said second portion of said reactors at a temperature resulting in said first pressure whereby said compounds therein desorb said gaseous reactant in an endothermic reaction and directing said desorbed gaseous reactant to said condenser, and directing said gaseous reactant from said condenser to said evaporator during said first and second reaction cycles, respectively. - View Dependent Claims (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
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33. An improved method of operating a mechanical or pressure driven heat pump or refrigeration system comprising:
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selecting a plurality of two or more different compounds comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant absorbed thereon, wherein each of said complex compounds has a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant, locating a different one of said compounds in a different one of a plurality of reactors, in a first reaction cycle, pressurizing a first portion of said reactors at a first pressure, whereby said compound therein desorbs said gaseous reactant at said first pressure in an endothermic reaction, and pressurizing said second portion of said reactors at a second pressure, higher than said first pressure, whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant at said second pressure in an exothermic reaction, and in a second reaction cycle, pressurizing said first portion of said reactors at said second pressure whereby said compound therein adsorbs said gaseous reactant at said second pressure in an exothermic reaction, and pressurizing said second portion of said reactors at said first pressure whereby said compounds therein desorb said gaseous reactant at said first pressure in an endothermic reaction, and directing at least a portion of the heat released from said exothermic adsorption reaction to a reactor for heating compounds therein for driving an endothermic desorption reaction. - View Dependent Claims (34, 35, 36, 37, 38)
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39. An apparatus comprising:
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a plurality of two or more reaction chambers each of said chambers having a different compound therein comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, each of said compounds having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant therein, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, a lower alkanol, lower alkane, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine and said solid reactant is an inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, oxalate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, and sulfate, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt, heating means for introducing heat into at least one of said chambers, means for directing heat transfer fluid to and from said reaction chambers, and heat exchange means for selectively recovering and/or absorbing heat from said reaction chambers, and a condenser, an evaporator, conduit means for directing gaseous reactant from each of said reaction chambers to said condenser, and conduit means for directing gaseous reactant from said evaporator to each of said reaction chambers.
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40. An apparatus comprising:
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a plurality of two or more reaction chambers each of said chambers having a different compound therein comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, each of said compounds having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant therein, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, a lower alkanol, lower alkane, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine and said solid reactant is an inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, oxalate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, and sulfate, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt, heating means for introducing heat into at least one of said chambers, means for directing heat transfer fluid to and from said reaction chambers, and heat exchange means for selectively recovering and/or absorbing heat from said reaction chambers, and receiving means for adsorbing and desorbing said gaseous reactant. - View Dependent Claims (41)
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42. An apparatus comprising:
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a plurality of two or more reaction chambers each of said chambers having a different compound therein comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, each of said compounds having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant therein, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, a lower alkanol, lower alkane, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine and said solid reactant is an inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, oxalate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, and sulfate, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt, heating means for introducing heat into at least one of said chambers, means for directing heat transfer fluid to and from said reaction chambers, and heat exchange means for selectively recovering and/or absorbing heat from said reaction chambers, and a pressure activated heat pump for receiving gaseous reactant directed from said chambers. - View Dependent Claims (43, 44)
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45. A heat activated heat pump apparatus comprising:
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a plurality of three or more reaction chambers each of said chambers having a different compound therein comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, each of said compounds having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant therein, said compounds having an ascending order of gaseous reactant vapor pressure with the adsorption temperature of a lower vapor pressure compound at a low reaction pressure being higher than the desorption temperature of the next successive higher vapor pressure compound at a high reaction pressure, wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lower alkanol, lower alkane, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine and said solid reactant is an inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, oxalate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite and sulfate, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or solid salt comprising a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of al alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt. - View Dependent Claims (46, 47)
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48. A mechanical or pressure actuated heat pump apparatus comprising:
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a plurality of two or more reaction chambers each of said chambers having a different compound therein comprising a solid reactant adsorbent and a gaseous reactant adsorbed thereon, each of said compounds having a different gaseous reactant vapor pressure, substantially independent of the concentration of the gaseous reactant therein, said compounds having an ascending order of adsorption, temperatures at the same adsorption and desorption pressure, respectively, and wherein the lower adsorption temperature compound adsorption temperature at high reaction pressure is higher than the desorption temperature of the next successive higher adsorption temperature compound at low reaction pressure wherein said gaseous reactant is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lower alkanol, lower alkane, alkylamine, polyamine and phosphine and said solid reactant is an inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, halide, carbonate, oxalate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite and sulfate, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, and tin, or solid salt comprising a double metal chloride of metals selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt. - View Dependent Claims (49, 50, 51)
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Specification