Variable speed wind turbine

• US 5,083,039 A
• Filed: 02/01/1991
• Issued: 01/21/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 02/01/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: General Electric Company
• Original Assignee: U.S. Windpower, Inc.
• Inventors: Erdman, William L., Richardson, Robert D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Pellinen, A. D.
• Assistant Examiner(s): HOOVER, ROBERT
• Application Number:
  US07/649,567
• Time in Patent Office: 354 Days
• Field of Search: 290/44, 290/55
• US Class Current: 290/44
• CPC Class Codes: F03D 7/0272 by measures acting on the electrical generator
• CPC Class Codes: F03D 7/0276 controlling rotor speed, e.g. variable speed
• CPC Class Codes: F03D 7/042 by means of an electrical or electronic controller
• CPC Class Codes: F03D 9/255 connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2220/706 an electrical generator
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2220/7064 of the alternating current (A.C.) type
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/1016 in variable speed operation
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/1032 Torque
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/104 to match engine to driven device
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/20 to optimise the performance of a machine
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/327 Rotor or generator speeds
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/328 Blade pitch angle
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/335 Output power or torque
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/28 The renewable source being wind energy wind motors F03D
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/1842 wherein at least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. active filters
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/1892 the arrangements being an integral part of the load, e.g. a motor, or of its control circuit
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/38 Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/40 Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 7/53876 based on synthesising a desired voltage vector via the selection of appropriate fundamental voltage vectors, and corresponding dwelling times
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 21/06 : Rotor flux based control involving the use of rotor position or rotor speed sensors
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 2101/15 : for wind-driven turbines
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 9/04 : Control effected upon non-electric prime mover and dependent upon electric output value of the generator
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 9/42 : to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 9/48 : Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle H02P9/04 - H02P9/46 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 : Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/72 : Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/76 : Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/20 : Active power filtering [APF]

Abstract

A variable speed wind turbine is disclosed comprising a turbine rotor that drives an AC induction generator, a power converter that converts the generator output to fixed-frequency AC power, a generator controller, and an inverter controller. The generator controller uses field orientation to regulate either stator currents or voltages to control the torque reacted by the generator. The inverter controller regulates the output currents to supply multi-phase AC power having leading or lagging currents at an angle specified by a power factor control signal.

Claims

1. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator electrical quantities for each phase of the generator;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the active switches including field orientation means responsive to the torque reference signal for defining a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates, and switch control means for controlling the active switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

2. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator currents, and wherein the switch control means includes means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

3. A wind turbine as recited in claim 2 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature axis current into desired stator currents, and wherein the switch control means further includes delta modulator means for comparing the desired stator currents to the sensed stator currents and for controlling the active switches to increase current in each phase if the actual stator current for that phase is less than the desired stator current for that phase and to decrease current if the actual stator current is greater than the desired stator current.

4. A wind turbine as recited in claim 2 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature axis current into desired stator currents, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

5. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator voltages, and wherein the switch control means includes means for controlling the active switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

6. A wind turbine as recited in claim 5 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature axis current into desired quadrature axis voltage by compensating for cross coupling between the direct and quadrature axes, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for controlling the active switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis voltage.

7. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator currents when the generator is operating at low rotational speeds and are stator voltages at higher rotational speeds, and wherein the switch control means includes means

responsive to the rotational speed of the generator for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current at the low rotational speeds and to produce stator voltages that correspond to a desired quadrature axis voltage at the higher rotational speeds.

8. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 further comprising rotor speed sensor means for defining a rotor speed signal indicative of the rotational speed of the generator rotor, wherein the power converter establishes a flux field in the generator rotor that rotates at a slip speed with respect to the rotor, and wherein the generator controller means further includes means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and means for defining the direction of the rotor flux field as a function of the slip speed and rotor speed.

9. A wind turbine as recited in claim 8 wherein the means for defining the direction of the rotor flux vector includes means for defining the slip speed as a function of the quadrature axis current and the magnitude of the rotor flux, and includes means for adding the slip speed to the rotor speed and integrating the sum to obtain a rotor flux angle.

10. A wind turbine as recited in claim 8 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from rotating field coordinates into fixed stator coordinates to define desired stator electrical quantities, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the active switches that produces stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

11. A wind turbine as recited in claim 10 wherein the means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from rotating field coordinates into fixed stator coordinates includes means for determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle that defines a coordinate transformation for the conversion.

12. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents and a torque monitor operable for determining a measure of generator torque, wherein the torque monitor includes means for converting the sensed stator currents into field coordinates and then converting into a sensed torque value.

13. A wind turbine as recited in claim 12 further comprising rotor speed sensor means for sensing the speed of the generator rotor and pitch sensor means for sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade, and wherein the torque command means is responsive to blade pitch, rotor speed, and sensed torque for defining the torque reference signal.

14. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the generator controller means includes a digital signal processor that periodically receives a torque reference signal indicative of desired generator torque and a rotor speed signal indicative of the rotational speed of the generator, computes the desired quadrature axis current and converts it into stator coordinates, and determines pulse width modulation signals for switching the active switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

15. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the power converter includes a rectifier, inverter, and DC voltage link coupled between the rectifier and inverter, wherein the rectifier includes a pair of active switches for each phase of the generator coupled between the DC voltage link and a stator winding of the generator and operable for switching stator electrical quantities therebetween to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor.

16. A wind turbine as recited in claim 1 wherein the switch control means includes means for defining pulse-width modulation commutation signals for switching the active switches of the power converter.

17. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith, wherein the generator includes a stator power tap for each phase;

a power converter including a rectifier, inverter, and DC voltage link coupled between the rectifier and inverter, wherein the rectifier includes a pair of active switches for each phase of the generator coupled between the DC voltage link and a stator power tap and operable for switching stator currents therebetween to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, and wherein the inverter includes a pair of active switches for each phase of output power coupled between the DC voltage link and an output tap and operable for switching inverter currents therebetween;

generator controller means coupled to the rectifier and responsive to a torque reference signal and a rotor speed signal for controlling the rectifier switches to regulate stator electrical quantities, wherein the generator controller means includes field orientation means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and for converting the torque reference and rotor speed signals into a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to a rotor flux vector, and further includes modulation means for controlling the rectifier switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents;

inverter controller means coupled to the inverter for controlling the inverter switches to regulate the inverter currents;

rotor speed sensor means for monitoring the speed of the generator rotor and for defining the rotor speed signal in accordance therewith; and

torque command means for defining a torque reference signal and supplying it to the generator controller.

18. A wind turbine as recited in claim 17 wherein the rotor flux field rotates at a slip speed with respect to the rotor, and wherein the generator controller means further includes means for defining the direction of the rotor flux field as a function of the slip speed and rotor speed.

19. A wind turbine as recited in claim 18 wherein the means for defining the direction of the rotor flux vector includes means for defining the slip speed as a function of the quadrature axis current and the magnitude of the rotor flux, and includes means for adding the slip speed to the rotor speed and integrating the sum modulo 2π

to obtain a rotor flux angle.

20. A wind turbine as recited in claim 18 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator electrical quantities, and wherein the modulation means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the rectifier switches that produces stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

21. A wind turbine as recited in claim 20 wherein the means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates includes means for determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle that defines a coordinate transformation for the conversion.

22. A wind turbine as recited in claim 17 further comprising stator current sensors coupled to the power converter and operable for sensing stator currents, a blade pitch sensor coupled to the turbine blade for sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade, and a torque monitor coupled to the stator current sensors and operable for defining a measure of generator torque, wherein the torque monitor includes means for converting the sensed stator currents into field coordinates and then converting into a torque feedback signal.

23. A wind turbine as recited in claim 22 wherein the torque command means includes means responsive to the pitch angle, generator torque, and rotor speed for defining the torque reference signal.

24. A wind turbine as recited in claim 17 wherein the generator controller means includes a digital signal processor that periodically receives the torque reference signal and the rotor speed signal, computes the desired quadrature axis current and rotor flux angle and converts the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into stator coordinates, and determines pulse width modulation signals for switching the rectifier switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents.

25. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator electrical quantities for each phase of the generator to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents;

torque monitor means responsive to sensed stator currents for determining a measure of generator torque;

pitch sensing means for sensing the pitch of the turbine blade;

rotor speed sensor means for sensing the speed of the generator rotor;

torque command means responsive to the generator torque, blade pitch, and rotor speed for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the active switches for controlling stator electrical quantities, wherein the generator controller means includes processor means responsive to the torque reference signal and the rotor speed for defining a flux-producing desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and a torque-producing desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to the rotor flux field, the processor means including means for periodically determining a desired rotor flux angle as a function of the rotor speed and desired quadrature and direct axis currents, the processor means including means for converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates using the desired rotor flux angle to define desired stator electrical quantities, and includes modulation means for controlling the active switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

26. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having a generator coupled to a power converter with active switches, wherein the active switches establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing torque in rotating field coordinates normal to the rotor flux field; and

controlling the active switches of the power converter to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

27. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 further comprising the steps of:

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in field coordinates;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field; and

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator electrical quantities in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle;

and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

28. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 wherein the step of defining a torque reference signal includes the steps of sensing the stator currents, converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field to define a torque feedback signal indicative of rotor torque, and using the torque feedback signal to define the torque reference signal.

29. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 further comprising the steps of defining a rotor flux angle by defining a slip speed of the rotor flux as a function of the desired quadrature axis current and the rotor flux magnitude, sensing rotor speed and adding the rotor speed to the slip speed to define a rotor flux speed, and integrating the rotor flux speed to obtain the rotor flux angle.

30. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 further comprising the steps of defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the relative rotation between the field coordinates and stationary coordinates, and transforming the desired quadrature axis current into a stationary frame of reference using the rotor flux angle.

31. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator currents, and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

32. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 31 wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the steps of sensing the stator currents and minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

33. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator voltages, wherein the method further comprises the step of converting the desired quadrature axis current into a desired quadrature axis voltage, and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator voltages that corresponds to the desired quadrature axis voltage.

34. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 26 wherein the stator electrical quantities are stator currents when the generator is operating at low rotational speeds and are stator voltages at higher rotational speeds, and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current at the low rotational speeds and producing stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current at the higher rotational speeds.

35. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator electrical quantities in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle; and

supplying pulse width modulation signals to switches of the active rectifier to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

36. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 35 wherein the steps of defining a rotor flux angle, converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents, and supplying pulse width modulation signals are performed periodically.

37. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 35 wherein the step of defining a torque reference signal includes the steps of sensing the stator currents, converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field, converting the quadrature axis current into a torque feedback signal indicative of torque, and using the torque feedback signal to define the torque reference signal.

38. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 35 wherein the step of defining a rotor flux angle includes the steps of defining a slip speed of the rotor flux as a function of the desired quadrature axis current and the rotor flux magnitude, adding the rotor speed to the slip speed to define a rotor flux speed, and integrating the rotor flux speed modulo 2π

to obtain the rotor flux angle.

39. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 35 wherein the step of converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator electrical quantities includes the step of transforming the desired quadrature and direct axis current into a stationary frame of reference using the rotor flux angle, where the rotor flux angle defines the relative angle between the field coordinates and stationary coordinates.

40. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

sensing stator currents;

determining a measure of generator torque by converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field;

sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque in response to the sensed generator torque, pitch angle, and rotational speed;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

periodically defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the desired instantaneous position of the rotor flux field as a function of the rotor speed and the desired quadrature and direct axis currents;

periodically converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator electrical quantities using the rotor flux angle; and

periodically supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired stator electrical quantities.

41. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the active switches including field orientation means responsive to the torque reference signal for defining a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates, and switch control means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

42. A wind turbine as recited in claim 41 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature axis current into desired stator currents, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

43. A wind turbine as recited in claim 41 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from rotating field coordinates into fixed stator coordinates to define desired stator currents, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the active switches that produces stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

44. A wind turbine as recited in claim 41 wherein the generator controller means includes a digital signal processor that periodically receives a torque reference signal indicative of desired generator torque and a rotor speed signal indicative of the rotational speed of the generator, computes the desired quadrature axis current and converts it into stator coordinates, and determines pulse width modulation signals for switching the active switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

45. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith, wherein the generator includes a stator power tap for each phase;

a power converter including a rectifier, inverter, and DC voltage link coupled between the rectifier and inverter, wherein the rectifier includes a pair of active switches for each phase of the generator coupled between the DC voltage link and a stator power tap and operable for switching stator currents therebetween to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, and wherein the inverter includes a pair of active switches for each phase of output power coupled between the DC voltage link and an output tap and operable for switching inverter currents therebetween;

generator controller means coupled to the rectifier and responsive to a torque reference signal and a rotor speed signal for controlling the rectifier switches to regulate stator currents, wherein the generator controller means includes field orientation means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and for converting the torque reference and rotor speed signals into a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to a rotor flux vector, and further includes modulation means for controlling the rectifier switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents;

inverter controller means coupled to the inverter for controlling the inverter switches to regulate the inverter currents;

rotor speed sensor means for monitoring the speed of the generator rotor and for defining the rotor speed signal in accordance therewith; and

torque command means for defining a torque reference signal and supplying it to the generator controller.

46. A wind turbine as recited in claim 45 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents, and wherein the modulation means further includes delta modulator means for comparing the desired stator currents to the sensed stator currents and for controlling the rectifier switches to increase current in each phase if the actual stator current for that phase is less than the desired stator current for that phase and to decrease current if the actual stator current is greater than the desired stator current.

47. A wind turbine as recited in claim 45 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents, and wherein the modulation means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

48. A wind turbine as recited in claim 47 wherein the modulation means further includes means for periodically computing a distortion index for each combination of switch states and for periodically selecting the switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

49. A wind turbine as recited in claim 47 wherein the modulation means further includes means for converting the desired stator currents into desired stator voltages, means for comparing the desired stator voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the rectifier switches, and means for choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired stator voltages.

50. A wind turbine as recited in claim 45 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator currents, and wherein the modulation means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the rectifier switches that produces stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

51. A wind turbine as recited in claim 45 wherein the generator controller means includes a digital signal processor that periodically receives the torque reference signal and the rotor speed signal, computes the desired quadrature axis current and rotor flux angle and converts the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into stator coordinates, and determines pulse width modulation signals for switching the rectifier switches to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents.

52. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents;

torque monitor means responsive to sensed stator currents for determining a measure of generator torque;

pitch sensing means for sensing the pitch of the turbine blade;

rotor speed sensor means for sensing the speed of the generator rotor;

torque command means responsive to the generator torque, blade pitch, and rotor speed for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the active switches for controlling stator currents, wherein the generator controller means includes processor means responsive to the torque reference signal and the rotor speed for defining a flux-producing desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and a torque-producing desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to the rotor flux field, the processor means including means for periodically determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle and converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator currents, and includes modulation means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents or voltages that correspond to the desired stator currents.

53. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having a generator coupled to a power converter with active switches, wherein the active switches establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing torque in rotating field coordinates normal to the rotor flux field; and

controlling the active switches of the power converter to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

54. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 53 further comprising the steps of:

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in field coordinates;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field; and

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle

and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

55. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 53 wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the steps of sensing the stator currents and minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

56. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle; and

supplying pulse width modulation signals to the switches of the active rectifier to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

57. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 56 wherein the step of converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents includes the step of transforming the desired quadrature and direct axis current into a stationary frame of reference using the rotor flux angle, where the rotor flux angle defines the relative angle between the field coordinates and stationary coordinates.

58. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 56 wherein the step of supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier includes the steps of sensing the actual stator currents, comparing the desired stator currents to the actual stator currents, and for each winding, defining a modulation signal to increase the current in that winding if the actual stator current is less than the desired stator current, otherwise defining a modulation signal to decrease the current in that winding.

59. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 56 wherein the step of supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier includes the steps of sensing the actual stator currents and minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the actual and desired stator currents.

60. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 59 wherein the step of minimizing a distortion index includes the steps of computing the distortion index for each combination of switch states of the rectifier switches, and selecting the switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

61. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 59 wherein the step of minimizing a distortion index includes the steps of converting the desired stator currents into desired stator voltages, comparing the desired stator voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the rectifier switches, and choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired stator voltages.

62. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

sensing stator currents;

determining a measure of generator torque by converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field;

sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque in response to the sensed generator torque, pitch angle, and rotational speed;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

periodically defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

periodically converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents; and

periodically supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents.

63. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator voltage for each phase of the generator;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the active switches including field orientation means responsive to the torque reference signal for defining a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates, and switch control means for controlling the active switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

64. A wind turbine as recited in claim 63 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature axis current into desired quadrature axis voltage by compensating for cross coupling between the direct and quadrature axes.

65. A wind turbine as recited in claim 63 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from rotating field coordinates into fixed stator coordinates to define desired stator voltages, and wherein the switch control means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the active switches that produces stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

66. A wind turbine as recited in claim 63 wherein the generator controller means includes a digital signal processor that periodically receives a torque reference signal indicative of desired generator torque and a rotor speed signal indicative of the rotational speed of the generator, computes the desired quadrature axis current and converts it into stator coordinates, and determines pulse width modulation signals for switching the active switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

67. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith, wherein the generator includes a stator power tap for each phase;

a power converter including a rectifier, inverter, and DC voltage link coupled between the rectifier and inverter, wherein the rectifier includes a pair of active switches for each phase of the generator coupled between the DC voltage link and a stator power tap and operable for switching stator currents therebetween to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, and wherein the inverter includes a pair of active switches for each phase of output power coupled between the DC voltage link and an output tap and operable for switching inverter currents therebetween;

generator controller means coupled to the rectifier and responsive to a torque reference signal and a rotor speed signal for controlling the rectifier switches to regulate stator voltages, wherein the generator controller means includes field orientation means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and for converting the torque reference and rotor speed signals into a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to a rotor flux vector, and further includes modulation means for controlling the rectifier switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents;

inverter controller means coupled to the inverter for controlling the inverter switches to regulate the inverter currents;

rotor speed sensor means for monitoring the speed of the generator rotor and for defining the rotor speed signal in accordance therewith; and

torque command means for defining a torque reference signal and supplying it to the generator controller.

68. A wind turbine as recited in claim 67 further comprising stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents, wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired quadrature and direct axis voltages by compensating for cross coupling between the direct and quadrature axes.

69. A wind turbine as recited in claim 67 further comprising means for periodically converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator voltages, and wherein the modulation means further includes means for periodically selecting a switch state for the rectifier switches that produces stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

70. A wind turbine as recited in claim 69 wherein the modulation means includes means for selecting the switch states by modulating the desired stator voltages with a triangular carrier wave.

71. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator voltages for each phase of the generator to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents;

torque monitor mean responsive to sensed stator currents for determining a measure of generator torque;

pitch sensing means for sensing the pitch of the turbine blade;

rotor speed sensor means for sensing the speed of the generator rotor;

torque command means responsive to the generator torque, blade pitch, and rotor speed for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the active switches for controlling stator voltages, wherein the generator controller means includes processor means responsive to the torque reference signal and the rotor speed for defining a flux-producing desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and a torque-producing desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to the rotor flux field, the processor means including means for periodically determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle and converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator voltages, and includes modulation means for controlling the active switches to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

72. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having a generator coupled to a power converter with active switches, wherein the active switches establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing torque in rotating field coordinates normal to the rotor flux field; and

controlling the active switches of the power converter to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired quadrature axis current.

73. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 72 further comprising the steps of:

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in field coordinates;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field; and

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator voltages in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle;

and wherein the step of controlling the active switches includes the step of producing stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

74. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator voltages in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle; and

supplying pulse width modulation signals to the switches of the active rectifier to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

75. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 74 wherein the step of converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator voltages includes the step of transforming the desired quadrature and direct axis current into a stationary frame of reference using the rotor flux angle, where the rotor flux angle defines the relative angle between the field coordinates and stationary coordinates.

76. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 74 wherein the step of supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier includes the steps of sensing the actual stator currents, converting the actual stator currents into actual direct and quadrature axis currents in field coordinates, forming direct and quadrature axis current errors by subtracting the actual direct and quadrature axis currents from the respective desired direct and quadrature axis currents, compensating the direct and quadrature axis current errors to account for cross coupling between the direct and quadrature axes to obtain desired direct and quadrature axis voltages, transforming the desired direct and quadrature axis voltages into desired stator voltages, and supplying pulse width modulation signals to the switches of the active rectifier to produce stator voltages that follow the desired stator voltages.

77. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

sensing stator currents;

sensing the generator torque by converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field;

sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque in response to the sensed generator torque, pitch angle, and rotational speed;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

periodically converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator voltages; and

periodically supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

78. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the active switches to regulate stator currents, wherein the generator controller includes means for regulating the generator torque by controlling the stator currents at a low speed of rotation of the generator and by controlling the stator voltages at a higher speed of rotation of the generator.

79. A wind turbine as recited in claim 78 further comprising means for defining desired stator currents when the generator is operating at the low speed of rotation and means for sensing stator currents.

80. A wind turbine as recited in claim 79 wherein the generator controller means further includes delta modulator means for comparing the desired stator currents to the sensed stator currents and for controlling the active switches to increase current in each phase if the actual stator current for that phase is less than the desired stator current for that phase and to decrease current if the actual stator current is greater than the desired stator current.

81. A wind turbine as recited in claim 79 wherein the generator controller means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

82. A wind turbine as recited in claim 78 further comprising means for defining desired stator voltages when the generator is operating at the higher speed of rotation, and wherein the generator controller means includes means for controlling the active switches by modulating the desired stator voltages with a triangular carrier wave.

83. A wind turbine as recited in claim 78 further comprising means for sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor and for switching between regulating currents and regulating voltages according to the sensed rotor speed.

84. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith, wherein the generator includes a stator power tap for each phase;

rotor sensor means for sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator and for establishing a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the magnitude and frequency of stator electrical quantities, wherein the generator controller includes means responsive to the rotor speed for regulating the generator torque by controlling the stator currents at a low speed of rotation of the generator and by controlling the stator voltages at a higher speed of rotation of the generator, the generator controller means further includes field orientation means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and for converting the torque reference signal and rotor speed into a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to a rotor flux vector, and further includes modulation means for controlling the active switches to produce stator electrical quantities that correspond to the desired quadrature and direct axis currents.

85. A wind turbine as recited in claim 84 further comprising means for defining desired stator currents when the generator is operating at the low speed of rotation and means for sensing stator currents.

86. A wind turbine as recited in claim 85 wherein the generator controller means further includes delta modulator means for comparing the desired stator currents to the sensed stator currents and for controlling the active switches to increase current in each phase if the actual stator current for that phase is less than the desired stator current for that phase and to decrease current if the actual stator current is greater than the desired stator current.

87. A wind turbine as recited in claim 85 wherein the generator controller means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired stator currents.

88. A wind turbine as recited in claim 84 further comprising means for defining desired stator voltages when the generator is operating at the higher speed of rotation, and wherein the generator controller means includes means for controlling the active switches by modulating the desired stator voltages with a triangular carrier wave.

89. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator electrical quantities for each phase of the generator to establish a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

stator current sensors operable for sensing stator currents;

torque monitor means responsive to sensed stator currents for determining a measure of generator torque;

pitch sensing means for sensing the pitch of the turbine blade;

rotor speed sensor means for sensing the speed of the generator rotor;

torque command means responsive to the generator torque, blade pitch, and rotor speed for defining a torque reference signal; and

generator controller means coupled to the active switches for controlling stator currents when the generator is operating at low rotational speeds and controlling stator voltages when the generator is operating at higher rotational speeds, wherein the generator controller means includes processor means responsive to the torque reference signal and the rotor speed for defining a flux-producing desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and a torque-producing desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to the rotor flux field, the processor means including means for periodically determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle and converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from field coordinates into stator coordinates to define desired stator currents or voltages, and includes modulation means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents or voltages that correspond to the desired stator currents or voltages.

90. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having a generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the generator includes a stator and a rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

during low speed operation of the generator, controlling the orientation of a rotor flux field with respect to the rotor by switching the active rectifier to regulate currents in the stator;

determining when the generator commences operation at a higher speed above the low speed;

during the higher speed operation of the generator, controlling the orientation of the rotor flux field with respect to the rotor by switching the active rectifier to regulate voltages in the stator.

91. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 90 wherein the step of switching the active rectifier to regulate currents includes the steps of sensing the stator currents, defining desired stator currents, and minimizing a distortion index indicative of the magnitude of error between the sensed and desired stator currents.

92. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 90 wherein the step of switching the active rectifier to regulate voltages includes the steps of defining desired stator voltages and controlling the active switches by modulating the desired stator voltages with a triangular carrier wave.

93. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 90 further comprising the steps of sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor and switching between regulating currents and regulating voltages according to the sensed rotor speed.

94. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the generator includes a stator and a rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

during low speed operation of the generator, converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents and controlling the active rectifier to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents;

determining when the generator commences operation at a higher speed above the low speed as a function of rotor speed; and

during the higher speed operation of the generator, converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator voltages and controlling the active rectifier to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages.

95. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 94 wherein the step of controlling the active rectifier to regulate currents includes the steps of sensing the stator currents and minimizing a distortion index indicative of the magnitude of error between the sensed and desired stator currents.

96. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 94 wherein the step of controlling the active rectifier to regulate voltages includes the step controlling the active switches by modulating the desired stator voltages with a triangular carrier wave.

97. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine as recited in claim 94 further comprising the step switching between regulating currents and regulating voltages according to the sensed rotor speed.

98. A method for controlling torque in a wind turbine having an induction generator coupled to an active rectifier, wherein the active rectifier establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising of the steps of:

sensing stator currents;

sensing the generator torque by converting the sensed stator currents into a quadrature axis current normal to the rotor flux field;

sensing the pitch angle of the turbine blade;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque in response to the sensed generator torque, pitch angle, and rotational speed;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

periodically defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

periodically converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents when the generator is operating at low rotational speeds and into desired stator voltages when the generator is operating at higher rotational speeds; and

periodically supplying pulse width modulation signals to the active rectifier to produce stator currents that correspond to the desired stator currents at the low rotational speeds and to produce stator voltages that correspond to the desired stator voltages at the higher rotational speeds.

99. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal;

means coupled to the power converter for sensing stator currents; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the stator currents, including means for defining desired stator currents, means for periodically determining a distortion index indicative of errors between desired and actual stator currents, and means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents that minimize the distortion index.

100. A wind turbine as recited in claim 99 wherein the generator controller means further includes means for periodically computing a distortion index for each combination of switch states and for periodically selecting a switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

101. A wind turbine as recited in claim 99 wherein the generator controller means further includes means for converting the desired stator currents into desired stator voltages, means for comparing the desired stator voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the active switches, and means for choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired stator voltages.

102. A wind turbine as recited in claim 99 wherein the distortion index is proportional to the sum of the squares of the current errors.

103. A wind turbine as recited in claim 99 wherein the distortion index is proportional to the sum of the sum of the absolute value of the current errors.

104. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

power converter means coupled to the generator for converting the power generated by the generator to DC and then to a fixed frequency AC output, wherein the power converter means includes a bridge inverter having active switches and operable for controlling output currents;

means for sensing output currents; and

inverter controller means coupled to the bridge inverter for controlling the output currents, including means for defining desired output currents, means for periodically determining a distortion index indicative of errors between desired and actual output currents, and means for controlling the active switches to produce output currents that minimize the distortion index.

105. A wind turbine as recited in claim 104 wherein the inverter controller means further includes means for periodically computing a distortion index for each combination of switch states and for periodically selecting a switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

106. A wind turbine as recited in claim 104 wherein the inverter controller means further includes means for converting the desired output currents into desired output voltages, means for comparing the desired output voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the active switches, and means for choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired output voltages.

107. A wind turbine as recited in claim 104 wherein the distortion index is proportional to the sum of the squares of the current errors.

108. A wind turbine as recited in claim 104 wherein the distortion index is proportional to the sum of the sum of the absolute value of the current errors.

109. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a stator and a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter including active switches operable for controlling stator currents for each phase of the generator and for establishing a rotating flux field in the generator rotor;

rotor speed sensor means for monitoring the speed of the generator rotor and for defining a rotor speed signal in accordance therewith;

torque command means associated with turbine parameter sensors for defining a torque reference signal;

means coupled to the power converter for sensing stator currents; and

generator controller means coupled to the power converter for controlling the stator currents, including means for defining desired stator currents, means for periodically determining a distortion index indicative of errors between desired and actual stator currents, and means for controlling the active switches to produce stator currents that minimize the distortion index; and

wherein the means for defining desired stator currents includes field orientation means for defining the magnitude of the rotor flux field as a function of a desired direct axis current in rotating field coordinates aligned with the direction of the rotor flux field and for converting the torque reference and rotor speed signals into a desired quadrature axis current in field coordinates oriented normal to a rotor flux vector, and including means for periodically determining an instantaneous rotor flux angle and converting the desired direct and quadrature axis currents from the field coordinates into stator coordinates to define the desired stator currents.

110. A method for controlling stator currents in a wind turbine generator rotating at variable speeds to obtain torque control of the generator, wherein the stator currents are switched by an active rectifier, the method comprising the steps of:

determining desired stator currents;

sensing the actual stator currents; and

switching the active rectifier to produce stator currents that minimize a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the actual and desired stator currents.

111. A method for controlling stator currents as recited in claim 110 further comprising the step of periodically computing a distortion index for each combination of switch states and selecting a switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

112. A method for controlling stator currents as recited in claim 110 further comprising the steps of converting the desired stator currents into desired stator voltages, comparing the desired stator voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the active switches, and choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired stator voltages.

113. A method for controlling stator currents as recited in claim 110 further comprising the step of computing a distortion index that is proportional to the sum of the squares of the current errors.

114. A method for controlling stator currents as recited in claim 110 further comprising the step of computing a distortion index that is proportional to the sum of the sum of the absolute value of the current errors.

115. A method for controlling output currents generated by a wind turbine generator rotating at variable speeds, wherein the output currents are switched by a bridge inverter coupled to a DC voltage source powered by the generator, the method comprising the steps of:

determining desired output currents;

sensing the actual output currents; and

switching the bridge inverter to produce output currents that minimize a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the actual and desired output currents.

116. A method for controlling output currents as recited in claim 115 further comprising the step of periodically computing a distortion index for each combination of switch states of the bridge inverter and selecting a switch state that minimizes the distortion index.

117. A method for controlling output currents as recited in claim 115 further comprising the steps of converting the desired output currents into desired output voltages, comparing the desired output voltages to the voltages that would result from each combination of switch states of the bridge inverter, and choosing the switch state having associated voltages that are nearest to the desired output voltages.

118. A method for controlling output currents as recited in claim 115 further comprising the step of computing a distortion index that is proportional to the sum of the squares of the current errors.

119. A method for controlling output currents as recited in claim 115 further comprising the step of computing a distortion index that is proportional to the sum of the sum of the absolute value of the current errors.

120. A method for controlling stator currents in a wind turbine generator rotating at variable speeds to obtain torque control of the generator, wherein the stator currents are switched by an active rectifier that establishes a rotating flux field in the generator rotor, the method comprising the steps of:

defining a torque reference signal indicative of a desired generator torque;

determining a desired direct axis current representing rotor flux in a direction aligned with the rotor flux field in a rotating field coordinate system;

converting the torque reference signal into a desired quadrature axis current representing rotor torque, wherein the quadrature axis current is normal to the rotor flux field in the field coordinate system;

sensing the rotational speed of the generator rotor;

sensing the actual stator currents;

defining a rotor flux angle indicative of the instantaneous position of the rotor flux field;

converting the desired quadrature and direct axis currents into desired stator currents in a stationary stator coordinate system using the rotor flux angle;

determining a distortion index indicative of the magnitude of current errors between the actual and desired stator currents; and

supplying pulse width modulation signals to the switches of the active rectifier to produce stator currents that minimize the distortion index

121. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter for converting variable frequency electricity generated by the generator into fixed frequency electricity, the power converter including an inverter for supplying output electricity, wherein the inverter has active switches; and

inverter controller means coupled to the inverter and responsive to a power factor control signal for controlling the active switches to supply electricity at a desired angle between voltage and current.

122. A wind turbine as recited in claim 121 wherein the power factor control signal specifies a desired level of reactive power, and wherein the inverter controller further includes means for controlling the transfer of real power so that the output currents provide the desired level of reactive power.

123. A wind turbine as recited in claim 121 wherein the power factor control signal specifies a desired angular relationship between voltage and current of the output electricity.

124. A wind turbine as recited in claim 121 further comprising output current sensors operable for sensing output currents, wherein the inverter controller means further includes means responsive to the power factor control signal for supplying desired output currents.

125. A wind turbine as recited in claim 124 wherein the inverter controller means further includes means for minimizing a distortion index indicating the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired output currents.

126. A wind turbine as recited in claim 125 wherein the means for supplying desired output currents includes means for creating a sinusoidal reference waveform synchronized with the output electricity, means responsive to the power factor control signal for defining a template waveform that is offset from the reference waveform by a desired phase angle, and means for converting the template waveform into the desired output currents.

127. A wind turbine as recited in claim 126 wherein the means for creating the sinusoidal reference waveform includes means for sensing the voltages of the output electricity and for defining the reference waveform from the output voltages.

128. A wind turbine as recited in claim 126 wherein the means for defining a template waveform includes processor means for periodically calculating the template waveform by shifting the reference waveform by an angle specified by the power factor control signal.

129. A wind turbine as recited in claim 126 further comprising means for regulating the voltage at the input of the inverters by multiplying the template waveform before conversion into the desired output currents by a control variable indicative of the inverter input voltage.

130. A variable speed wind turbine comprising:

a turbine rotor including at least one blade mounted to a rotatable shaft;

a multiphase induction generator having a rotor coupled to the turbine shaft for rotation therewith;

a power converter for converting variable frequency electricity generated by the generator into fixed frequency electricity, the power converter including a rectifier, inverter, and DC voltage link coupled between the rectifier and inverter, wherein the rectifier includes a pair of active switches for each phase of the generator coupled between the DC voltage link and a stator power tap and operable for switching stator current therebetween, and wherein the inverter includes a pair of active switches for each phase of output power coupled between the DC voltage link and an output tap and operable for switching inverter current therebetween;

output current sensors operable for sensing output currents; and

an inverter controller coupled to the inverter and responsive to a power factor control signal for controlling the inverter switches to supply output electricity at a desired angle between voltage and current, wherein the inverter controller includes means for creating a sinusoidal reference waveform synchronized with the output electricity, means responsive to the power factor control signal for defining a template waveform that is offset from the reference waveform by a desired phase angle, means responsive to the voltage of the DC voltage link for multiplying the template waveform by a control variable indicative of the inverter input voltage, means for converting the multiplied template waveform into the desired output currents, and means for controlling the active switches of the inverter to produce output currents that correspond to the desired output currents.

131. A method for converting electricity generated by a variable speed wind turbine into fixed frequency output electricity, wherein the wind turbine includes a generator and means for supplying generated electricity to power converter that includes a switched inverter supplying the output electricity, the method comprising the steps of:

forming a reference waveform;

rotating the reference waveform by a selected power factor angle to yield a template waveform;

using the template waveform to define desired output currents; and

controlling the switched inverter to produce output

currents corresponding to the desired output currents.

132. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 131 further comprising the steps of sensing the level of reactive power in the output electricity, and selecting the power factor angle according to a desired level of reactive power.

133. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 131 further comprising the steps of sensing output currents and minimizing a distortion index indicative of the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired output currents.

134. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 131 further comprising the steps of creating a sinusoidal reference waveform synchronized with the output electricity, defining a template waveform that is offset from the reference waveform by the power factor angle, and converting the template waveform into the desired output currents.

135. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 134 wherein the step of creating a reference waveform includes the steps of sensing the voltages of the output electricity and defining the reference waveform from the sensed output voltages.

136. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 134 wherein the step of defining a template waveform includes the step of periodically calculating the template waveform by shifting the reference waveform by the power factor angle.

137. A method for converting electricity as recited in claim 134 further comprising the step of regulating the voltage at the input of the inverters by multiplying the template waveform before conversion into the desired output currents by a control variable indicative of the inverter input voltage.

138. A method for converting electricity generated by a variable speed wind turbine into fixed frequency output electricity, wherein the wind turbine includes a generator and means for supplying generated electricity to power converter that includes a switched inverter supplying the output electricity, the method comprising the steps of:

forming a sinusoidal reference waveform synchronized with the output electricity;

rotating the reference waveform by a selected power factor angle to yield a template waveform;

sensing the input voltage to the inverter and defining a current control signal in response thereto;

multiplying the template waveform by the current control signal to define desired output currents;

sensing the output currents; and

controlling the switched inverter to produce output currents corresponding to the desired output currents by minimizing a distortion index indicative of the magnitude of current errors between the sensed and desired output currents.