Laser spectro-optic imaging for diagnosis and treatment of diseased tissue

• US 5,104,392 A
• Filed: 10/11/1989
• Issued: 04/14/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 03/22/1985
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Feld, Michael S., Kittrell, Carter, Cothren, Robert M. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): HINDENBURG, MAX F
• Application Number:
  US07/420,135
• Time in Patent Office: 916 Days
• Field of Search: 128/395-398, 128/634, 606/10-17, 606/7
• US Class Current: 606/15
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00096 Optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/20 using laser
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/245 for removing obstructions in blood vessels or calculi
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2018/00636 Sensing and controlling the application of energy
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2018/2238 with means for selectively laterally deflecting the tip of the fibre
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0071 by measuring fluorescence emission
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0075 by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy A61B5/0071 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0084 for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters A61B5/1459 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/4747 Concentric bundles
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/04 formed by bundles of fibres G02B6/24 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/14 Mode converters
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/241 Light guide terminations
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3504 Rotating, tilting or pivoting the waveguides, or with the waveguides describing a curved path rotary joint G02B6/3628
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3508 Lateral or transverse displacement of the whole waveguides, e.g. by varying the distance between opposed waveguide ends, or by mutual lateral displacement of opposed waveguide ends
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3512 the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3516 the reflective optical element moving along the beam path, e.g. controllable diffractive effects using multiple micromirrors within the beam
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3548 1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3598 Switching means directly located between an optoelectronic element and waveguides, including direct displacement of either the element or the waveguide, e.g. optical pulse generation based on changing the optical properties of the medium G02F1/00; optical pulse generation in optical transmitters H04B10/508; optical pulse generation by controlling laser operation H01S3/00
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4296 coupling with sources of high radiant energy, e.g. high power lasers, high temperature light sources

Abstract

A laser catheter is disclosed wherein optical fibers carrying laser light are mounted in a catheter for insertion into an artery to provide controlled delivery of a laser beam for percutaneous intravascular laser treatment of atherosclerotic disease. A transparent protective shield is provided at the distal end of the catheter for mechanically diplacing intravascular blood and protecting the fibers from the intravascular contents, as well as protecting the patient in the event of failure of the fiber optics. Multiple optical fibers allow the selection of tissue that is to be removed. A computer controlled system automatically aligns fibers with the laser and controls exposure time. Spectroscopic diagnostics determine what tissue is to be removed.

Claims

1. The method of destroying atheromatous plaque within an artery of a patient comprising the steps of initially administering to the patient a non-toxic atheroma-enhancing reagent which causes the plaque to have a characteristic optical property when illuminated with a given radiation, introducing a catheter system including fiberoptic cable means into the artery such that the distal end thereof is operatively opposite the plaque site, introducing into the proximal end of said fiberoptic cable means said given radiation, photoelectrically sensing at said proximal end said characteristic optical property to generate a control signal and under the control of said control signal transmitting via said cable means from said proximal end to said distal end, laser energy until said characteristic optical property is no longer sensed.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said tissue is stained by introducing a reagent which causes the plaque to fluoresce with a particular wavelength when irradiated with a given wavelength of electro-magnetic radiation.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is continuous wave energy.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed visible light.

5. The method of destroying atheromatous plaque within an artery of a patient, said plaque having a characteristic optical property when illuminated with a given radiation comprising the steps of introducing a catheter system including fiberoptic cable means into the artery such that the distal end thereof is operatively opposite the plaque site and the proximal external to the patient, introducing into the proximal end of said fiberoptic cable means said given radiation, photoelectrically sensing at said proximal end said characteristic optical property to generate a control signal and directly under the control of said control signal transmitting via said cable means from said proximal end to said distal end, laser energy until said characteristic optical property is no longer sensed.

6. The method of removing a selected portion of tissue from within an artery of a patient, the tissue having a characteristic optical property when illuminated with a given radiation comprising the steps of introducing a catheter system including a fiberoptic cable, the cable having a distal end and a proximal end, into the artery such that the distal end thereof is operatively opposite the selected portion of tissue and the proximal end external to the patient, introducing into the proximal end of said fiberoptic cable said given radiation, photoelectrically sensing at said proximal end said characteristic optical property to generate a control signal and in response to the control signal transmitting, via said cable from said proximal end to said distal end, laser energy until a selected change in the characteristic optical property is sensed.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said catheter system comprises a beam splitter and an optical coupler optically coupling said beam splitter to said fiberoptic cable.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein said fiberoptic cable comprises a single optical fiber.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein said fiberoptic cable comprises a plurality of optical fibers.

10. A method of removing a selected portion of material from within an artery of a patient, the material having a characteristic optical property when illuminated with diagnostic radiation comprising the steps of introducing a catheter system including a fiber optic cable, the cable having a distal end and a proximal end, into the artery such that the distal end thereof is operatively opposite the selected portion of material and the proximal end external to the patient, introducing into the proximal end of said fiber optic cable said diagnostic radiation sensing at said proximal end said characteristic optical property with a spectral detector to generate a diagnostic signal, providing a control system to receive the diagnostic signal and comparing the diagnostic signal with a reference signal and in response to the comparison, selectively transmitting through said cable from said proximal end to said distal end, treatment laser energy to remove the selected portion of material.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said fiber optic cable is a single optical fiber.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein said fiber optic cable is a single bundle of optical fibers.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein the fiber optic cable comprises a plurality of optical fibers positioned at the distal end of the catheter to form a distal array, the catheter having a distal surface such that light emitted by the fibers, in combination, overlies the distal surface of the catheter.

14. The method of claim 10 wherein the control system comprises a computer having a memory in which the reference signal is stored.

15. The method of claim 10 further comprising detecting a plurality of wavelengths of the radiation from the material that are resolved and detected.

16. The method of claim 10 wherein the spectral detector comprises a spectrometer.

17. The method of claim 10 wherein the fiber optic cable comprises a plurality of optical fibers.