Method of ultrasonic inspection of materials through opaque barriers

• US 5,118,464 A
• Filed: 03/15/1991
• Issued: 06/02/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 03/15/1991
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: General Electric Company
• Original Assignee: General Electric Company
• Inventors: Deaver, Gerald A., Richardson, David L., Terhune, James H., Tung, James C. S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hunt, Brooks H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CARROLL, CHRISMAN DION
• Application Number:
  US07/669,450
• Time in Patent Office: 445 Days
• Field of Search: 376/245, 376/252, 376/249, 376/291, 376/292, 23/592, 23/620, 23/622, 23/623, 23/627
• US Class Current: 376/252
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/044 Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/12 by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves measuring frequency or resonant frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04, G01H13/00; acoustic resonators G10K11/04; vibration or shock testing of structures G01M7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/28 providing acoustic coupling , e.g. water impedance matching G10K11/02
• CPC Class Codes: G21C 17/01 Inspection of the inner surfaces of vessels
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 30/30 Nuclear fission reactors

Abstract

An improved apparatus and method for ultrasonic inspection of materials through barriers such as gaps in manufactured parts is disclosed. The improvement herein is directed to enabling such ultrasonic testing to bridge ambient gaps such as intentionally formed gaps in composite structures having a first structure for originally receiving and transmitting sound separated by the gap from another structure to be inspected. Preferably, the gap is flooded with a gas having a predictable and optimum speed of sound relative to the material of the first and second structures. Sound is propagated to the first structure in a wave packet that is transmitted through the couplant fluid. The sound is generated in a wave packet having a spatial width at least twice the dimension of the gap to be bridged. The wave packet has a contained frequency having a wavelength (relative to the speed of sound of the gas flooding the gap) to create a constructively interfering standing wave node within the gap. The sound propagated to the gas-filled gap has a wavelength which is a half-integer with respect to the gap dimension. Sound passes through the first structure, creates a standing wave node in the gas-filled gap, passes into and acoustically interrogates the second structure for flaws and reflects. Reflected ultrasoound from the interrogated second structure again bridges the gap as a constructively interfering standing wave, passing through the primary structure and then through the couplant fluid to a transducer for receipt and analysis of the received ultrasound.

Claims

1. In a method of nondestructive acoustical inspection for discontinuities in solid structures including sending an ultrasound wave packet into a solid structure to be inspected, reflecting said ultrasound wave packet from a located discontinuity in the solid structure to be inspected, receiving and transducing the reflected echo of said ultrasound wave packet, and analyzing the reflected echo of said ultrasound wave packet for nondestructive interrogation of the solid structure inspected, the improved method for ultrasound inspection of solid structures through barriers in said solid structures, such as gaps in manufactured solid structures comprising the steps of:

providing a first solid structure for originally receiving said interrogating ultrasound;

providing a second solid structure separated from said first solid structure by a gap;

flooding said gap between said first and second solid structures with a medium, said medium having a predictable speed of ultrasound transmission for said wave packet;

transmitting an interrogating wave packet of ultrasound to said first solid structure, the ultrasound of said wave packet when traveling through media such as that media flooding said gap including an instantaneous standing path length within the media which is at least twice the dimension of the gap to be bridged, said interrogating wave packet of said ultrasound containing a frequency having a wavelength relative to the media in said gap to create at least one constructively interfering standing wave node between said first structure and said second solid structure within said media flooding said gap, whereby ultrasound of said frequency passes across said gap;

passing said ultrasound of said frequency into said second solid structure to acoustically interrogate said second solid structure for discontinuities through reflected ultrasound of said frequency;

providing a receiving transducer for receiving said reflected ultrasound of said frequency;

receiving said reflected ultrasound of said frequency at said receiving transducer from the interrogated second solid structure along a path including said second solid structure, said media flooding said gap at a constructively interfering standing wave, and said first solid structure for receipt and analysis of the received reflected ultrasound.

2. The method of claim 1 and wherein said medium flooding said gap is a gas.

3. The method of claim 2 and wherein said gas is an inert gas.

4. The method of claim 2 and wherein said gas is helium.

5. The method of claim 1 and wherein said interrogating ultrasound is normally incident on said first solid structure.

6. The method of claim 1 and wherein said provided solid structures are steel.

7. In a method of nondestructive acoustical inspection for discontinuities in solid structures including sending an ultrasound wave packet into a solid structure to be inspected, reflecting said ultrasound wave packet from a located discontinuity in the solid structure to be inspected, receiving and transducing the reflected echo of said ultrasound wave packet, and analyzing the reflected echo of said ultrasound wave packet for nondestructive interrogation of the solid structure inspected, the improved method for ultrasound inspection of solid structures through barriers in said solid structures, such as gaps in manufactured solid structures wherein an acoustical interrogating path must pass through a first solid structure, across said gap to interrogate a secondary solid structure for said discontinuity, the inspection process comprising the steps of:

flooding said gap between said first and second solid structures with a gas, said gas having a predictable speed of ultrasound transmission for said wave packet;

transmitting an interrogating wave packet of ultrasound to said first solid structure, the ultrasound of said wave packet when traveling through gas such as that gas flooding said gap including an instantaneous standing path length within the gas which is at least twice the dimension of said gap to be bridged, said interrogating wave packet of said ultrasound containing a frequency having a wavelength relative to the gas in said gap to create at least one constructively interfering standing wave node between said first solid structure and said second solid structure within said gas flooding said gap, whereby ultrasound of said frequency passes across said gap;

passing said ultrasound of said frequency into said second solid structure to acoustically interrogate said second solid structure for discontinuities through reflected ultrasound of said frequency;

providing a receiving transducer for receiving said reflected ultrasound of said frequency;

receiving said reflected ultrasound of said frequency at said receiving transducer from the interrogated second solid structure along a path including said second solid structure, said gas flooding said gap at a constructively interfering standing wave, and said first solid structure for receipt and analysis of the received reflected ultrasound.

8. The process of claim 7 and wherein said transmitting step includes transmitting differing frequencies to locate those frequencies producing an optimum standing wave node in said gap.

9. The process of claim 7 and wherein said providing said gas in said gap includes the step of:

displacing ambient gas in said gap with said flooded gas.

10. The process of claim 9 and wherein said flooded gas is helium.

11. The improved method for ultrasonic inspection of materials for flaws through barriers such as gaps between solid manufactured parts wherein interrogating ultrasound wave packets pass through a primary material, across said gap to interrogate a secondary material for said flaw, the improvement to said method comprising the steps of:

providing a first solid structure for originally receiving said interrogating ultrasound wave packet;

providing a second solid structure separated from said first structure by a gap;

providing a gas in said gap;

transmitting an interrogating wave packet of ultrasound to said first structure;

changing said wave packets in frequency to determine when said wave packet contains a frequency which when traveling through gas such as that gas flooding said gap includes an instantaneous standing path length within the gas which is at least twice the dimension of the gap to be bridged, said interrogating wave packet of said ultrasound containing said determined frequency having a wavelength relative to the gas in said gap to create at least one constructively interfering standing wave node between said first solid structure and said second solid structure within said gas flooding said gap, whereby ultrasound of said frequency passes across said gap;

passing said ultrasound of said determined frequency into said second solid structure to acoustically interrogate the second solid structure for flaws;

providing a receiving transducer;

receiving reflected ultrasound from the interrogated second solid structure across said gap at the constructively interfering standing wave, through the first solid structure and then to said transducer for receipt and analysis of the received ultrasound.

12. The invention of claim 11 and wherein said provided receiving transducer transmits said interrogating wave packet.

13. Apparatus for the nondestructive acoustical inspection including the ultrasonic inspection of materials through barriers such as gaps in manufactured parts between first and second solid structures wherein ultrasound passes through a first solid structure, across said gap and to interrogate a second solid structure for said flaw, the improvement comprising:

means for providing a medium having a predictable speed of ultrasound in said gap;

means for transmitting an ultrasound wave packet to said first solid structure, the ultrasound of said wave packet when traveling through medium such as that medium flooding said gap including an instantaneous standing path length within the medium which is at least twice the dimension of the gap to be bridged, said interrogating wave packet of said ultrasound containing a frequency having a wavelength relative to the medium in said gap to create at least one constructively interfering standing wave node between said first solid structure and said second solid structure within said medium flooding said gap, whereby ultrasound of said frequency passes across said gap;

a receiving transducer for receiving reflected ultrasound from said transducer whereby the acoustical signal from said interrogated second solid structure across said gap at the constructively interfering standing wave, through the first solid structure and then to said transducer for receipt and analysis of the received ultrasound for flaws in said second solid structure.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 and wherein said means for providing a medium within said gap includes means for providing a gas for displacing ambient gas in said gap.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 and wherein said provided gas comprises helium.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 and wherein said means for transmitting includes an electrically actuated ultrasound transducer, said transducer communicated to a couplant fluid between said transducer and said first material.