Detection of barcodes in binary images with arbitrary orientation

• US 5,120,940 A
• Filed: 08/10/1990
• Issued: 06/09/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 08/10/1990
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: The Boeing Co.
• Original Assignee: The Boeing Co.
• Inventors: Willsie, Todd D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Levy, Stuart S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): SIKORSKI, EDWARD
• Application Number:
  US07/565,668
• Time in Patent Office: 669 Days
• Field of Search: 235/454, 235/455, 235/462, 358/135, 358/136, 358/138, 358/140, 382/9, 382/16, 382/19, 382/22, 382/28, 382/48, 382/54
• US Class Current: 235/462.08
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/1093 sensing, after transfer of the image of the data-field to an intermediate store, e.g. storage with cathode ray tube
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/1443 locating of the code in an image

Abstract

The location and orientation of a barcode block is determined by first producing an image of the document that excludes the barcode block and producing a second image wherein the spaces in the barcode block have been deleted thereby providing a solid rectangular block. The two images are subtracted to reject large background clutter while displaying with certainty the full image of the barcode block. Thereafter, down-sampling occurs to remove small clutter and other non-barcode objects while locating the centroid of each barcode block. The image containing the centroid is up-scaled and used to calculate the position of the barcode block in the original document for use by a barcode reader.

Claims

1. A method of determining the location of a barcode block having a predetermined size and shape on a document having extraneous printed matter thereon comprising:

receiving a digital image of a scanned document as an input signal;

reducing the input signal to produce a first down-sampled image that is over-sampled;

reducing the input signal to produce a second down-sampled image that is under-sampled;

deleting barcode image pixels from the under-sampled image to produce a barcode free image;

subtracting the barcode free image from the over-sampled image to produce an image definitely showing the barcode block location but not showing large sized background clutter that is common to the barcode free image and the over-sampled image; and

down-sampling the barcode block location containing image and thereafter removing small sized background clutter thereby to produce an image showing the barcode block location which is substantially free of background clutter.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the over-sampled and undersampled images are respectively produced by:

forming one sub-pixel from four pixels from the original image with said one sub-pixel being a 1 if any of the said four original image pixels are a 1; and

forming one sub-pixel from four pixels from the original image with said one sub-pixel being a 1 only if all of said four original pixels are a 1.

3. The method of claim 1 further including the step of modifying the over-sampled image to connect all bars in a barcode into a single rectangular area prior to the subtracting step.

4. A method of determining the location of all barcode blocks having a predetermined size and shape on a background area that is scanned to produce an image of the area in a data format comprising the steps of:

reducing input image data into two down-sampled images, one being under-sampled and the other being over-sampled;

modifying the two down-sampled images so that an image of each barcode block is positively provided in a third image and positively not present in a fourth image;

subtracting the fourth image from the third image to produce a fifth image that contains the barcode block and unwanted small clutter but is free of clutter present in both the third and fourth images; and

thereafter removing the unwanted small clutter from the fifth image to provide a sixth image containing only the barcode block.

5. A method of claim 4 wherein the removal of unwanted small clutter from the fifth image includes the step of providing a disk having a radius of a predetermined number of pixels that is effective to eliminate images of objects forming small clutter that are smaller than the barcode block.

6. A method of detecting the location of a barcode having a predetermined size and polygonal shape on a background containing printed matter for subsequent reading of the barcode comprising:

reducing by a first reduction factor input image data of the background and barcode to produce a first over-sampled image and a second under-sampled image;

removing all pixels that form the barcode by morphological erosion from the under-sampled image to produce a modified under-sampled image;

connecting all bars in a barcode into a single area having said polygonal shape by morphological dilation from the over-sampled image to produce a modified over-sampled image; and

subtracting said modified under-sampled image from the modified over-sampled image to produce a new image that contains the barcode shape at its position on the background, said new image being free of large size clutter that is part of both the under-sampled image and the over-sampled image.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the morphological erosion comprises use of a 5×

5 pixel structuring element to remove all pixels that may have been part of a barcode and the morphological dilation comprises use of a 5×

5 pixel structuring element that is effective to connect all bars in a barcode into a single rectangular area.

8. The method of claim 7 comprising the further steps of:

reducing by a second reduction factor said new barcode containing image to reduce the processing time for subsequent steps including removal of small, size clutter and analyzing data involving connected pixels of an object.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the connected pixel object analysis comprises:

detecting sets of pixels in said new barcode containing image that are all connected by a path of pixels that are within one pixel of each other;

determining the direction and location in said image of a centroid of each object including said barcode image;

rejecting objects that do not have a barcode shape; and

up-scaling the new barcode containing image to provide location of the centroid in a full resolution image and enable calculation of the position of the corners of the full resolution barcode image.

10. A method of reducing clutter from a document image containing printed matter including at least one barcode having dark bars and blank spaces in a configuration having a predetermined shape and area comprising:

generating a pixel based image of said at least one barcode in a data generated pixel based image of the document in which printed matter appears as objects and all bars of the barcode appear as an object comprised of a solid bar without spaces and having said predetermined shape;

forming a table of said objects in said pixel based image including at least one barcode and clutter, each of said objects having an area with the object area being defined by the number of pixels in the area; and

eliminating from the pixel based image all objects which have a number of pixels that differs by more than a predetermined amount from the number of pixels in the area of a genuine barcode image.

11. The method of claim 10 further comprising eliminating from the pixel based image all remaining objects having a linear dimension which exceeds a dimension of a genuine barcode image.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein the pixel based image containing a barcode in which all bars appear as a solid bar without spaces is generated by:

reducing input image data from an original document into two down-sampled images, one being under-sampled and the other being over-sampled;

modifying the two down-sampled images so that an image of the barcode block is positively provided in a third image and positively not present in a fourth image;

subtracting the fourth image from the third image to produce a fifth image that contains the barcode block and unwanted small clutter but is free of clutter present in both the third and fourth images; and

thereafter removing the unwanted small clutter from the fifth image to provide a sixth image including the barcode and objects not removed as large clutter or small clutter.

13. A method of claim 12 wherein the removal of unwanted small clutter from the fifth image includes the step of utilizing a disk having a radius of a predetermined number of pixels that is effective to eliminate images of objects that are smaller than the barcode block.