Multi-level probe and system for measurement of physical conditions in liquid-containing tanks

• US 5,121,340 A
• Filed: 06/08/1990
• Issued: 06/09/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 06/08/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Campbell Scientific
• Original Assignee: Campbell Scientific
• Inventors: Campbell, Eric, Norton, Jeff, Heers, Art, Campbell, Gaylon
• Primary Examiner(s): Lall, Parshotam S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): PIPALA, EDWARD J
• Application Number:
  US07/534,932
• Time in Patent Office: 732 Days
• Field of Search: 364/509, 364/510, 364/556, 364/561, 364/562, 364/564, 367/87, 367/99, 367/151, 367/902, 367/908, 367/48, 73/1 H, 73/602, 73/609, 73/861, 73/861.18, 73/861.28, 73/861.25, 73/290 V, 73/290 R, 340/612, 340/618, 340/621, 181/123, 181/124, 181/402
• US Class Current: 702/54
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/2962 Measuring transit time of reflected waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01H 5/00 Measuring propagation velocity of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves , e.g. of pressure waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02818 Density, viscosity
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02836 Flow rate, liquid level
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/024 by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 181/402 Liquid
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 367/908 Material level detection, e.g. liquid level

Abstract

A multi-level probe for sonic range measurements utilizes a plurality of parallel reflectors that each include an opening arranged coaxially about a beam of ultrasonic energy transmitted along a reference axis from an associated transducer. The opening in each reflector permits most of the sonic energy to pass to a subsequent reflective surface, while the periphery about the opening provides echo signals for determining physical conditions in the environment through which the sonic energy has passed. A novel system is used for determining physical conditions that are a function of time differences between signals from different reflectors, calculated with a highly efficient digital signal processing algorithm.

Claims

1. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

a vertical support;

sonic transducer means for transmitting a beam of sonic energy upwardly along the support and for receiving downwardly reflected portions of the beam; and

a plurality of transverse reflectors spaced apart from one another along an axis on the support, the reflectors each including an opening arranged coaxially about the axis for permitting passage through the opening of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed upwardly along the axis while also downwardly reflecting outer portions of the beam.

2. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

a support;

a plurality of transverse reflectors spaced apart from one another along an axis on the support, the reflectors each including an opening arranged about the axis for permitting passage through the opening of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the axis while also reflecting outer portions of the beam, at least some of the openings being bounded by a periphery including a transversely rounded reflective surface.

3. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

a support;

a plurality of transverse reflectors spaced aprat from one another along an axis on the support, the reflectors each including an opening arranged about the axis for permitting passage through the opening of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the axis while also reflecting outer portions of the beam, at least some of the openings being bounded by a circular periphery coaxially positioned about the axis and including a transversely rounded reflective surface.

4. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

a support;

a plurality of transverse reflectors spaced apart from one another along an axis on the support, the reflectors each including an opening arranged about the axis for permitting passage through the opening of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the axis while also reflecting outer portions of the beam, each reflector being an annular ring having a toroidal surface area serving as it reflective surface.

5. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in an upwardly-directed, conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned downwardly to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed downwardly toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also downwardly reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

support means carrying both the sonic transducer means and the reflectors for positioning the reflectors above the sonic transducer means in vertical alignment along the reference axis.

6. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means; and

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam, the reflective surface of each reflector being transversely rounded.

7. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the sonic transducer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU5## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy.

8. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the sonic transducer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU6## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy; and

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

9. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the sonic transducer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU7## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy;

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.p =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

10. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU8## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy.

11. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physcial conditions with a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T;

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU9## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy; and

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

12. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

sonic transducer means for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the sonic transducer means;

a plurality of reflectors each having an opening centered about the reference axis and bounded by a peripheral reflective surface, the reflectors being transversely positioned at preselected locations along the reference axis with their reflective surfaces directed toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T;

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU10## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy;

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.p =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

13. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated upright support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the lower end of the support for transmitting energy upwardly in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo; and

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing downwardly toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also downwardly reflecting outer portions of the beam.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising:

signal processor means operatively connected to the sonic transducer means for converting the output signals to data indicative of a measured physical condition.

14. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo; and

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam, the reflective surfaces of the reflector rings being transversely rounded.

15. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo; and

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam;

the support comprising a plurality of elongated posts fixed to the reflector rings;

the reflector rings being arranged along the reference axis in equally spaced parallel positions and with each reflector ring being perpendicular to the reference axis.

17. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the sonic transducer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . . , x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU11## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy.

18. An appartus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected burst at the source transducer, the values of the reflected burst'"'"'s instantaneous amplitude being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured;

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU12## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst; and

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

19. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected burst at the source transducer, the values of the reflected burst'"'"'s instantaneous amplitude being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured;

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU13## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst;

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.P =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

20. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU14## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy.

21. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected every being represented by x_i, x_i+i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU15## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy; and

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

22. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

an elongated support;

sonic transducer means mounted to the support for transmitting energy in a conically shaped beam centered about a reference axis and for producing output signals as a function of reflected energy returned to the transducer means as an echo;

a plurality of reflector rings mounted to the support at preselected spaced locations along the reference axis relative to the sonic transducer means, the reflector rings each including a reflective surface surrounding an opening formed through it and centered about the reference axis, the reflector rings being positioned along the support with their reflective surfaces facing toward the sonic transducer means for permitting passage through the openings of a substantial percentage of a conically shaped beam of sonic energy directed along the reference axis by the sonic transducer means while also reflecting outer portions of the beam; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted energy and the reflected energy by the equation;

##EQU16## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted energy;

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.P =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

23. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

transducer means for transmitting a sinusoidal burst of known period T and phase for a predetermined duration;

reflector means for reflecting the transmitted burst back toward the source transducer as a reflected burst; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring, at a rate greater than 2/T, the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected burst at the source transducer, the values of the reflected burst'"'"'s instantaneous amplitude being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU17## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst.

24. An apparatus for sonic measurement of physical conditions within a liquid, comprising:

transducer means for transmitting a sinusoidal burst of known period T and phase for a predetermined duration;

reflector means for reflecting the transmitted burst back toward the source transducer as a reflected burst; and

signal processor means for;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU18## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst.

25. A method of analyzing the propagation of a sinusoidal burst from a source transducer to a reflecting surface and back to the source transducer, comprising the steps of:

transmitting a sinusoidal burst of known period T and phase from a source transducer for a predetermined duration, the transmitted burst being approximated by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">y.sub.t =k cos(ω

t),

where y_t is the instantaneous intensity of the transmitted burst at time t, ω

=32π

/T is the frequency of the transmitted burst, and k is a modulating function that is zero until the start of the burst, increases in amplitude over the next several cycles, remains constant for the duration of the burst, and then returns to zero;

reflecting at least part of the transmitted burst back toward the source transducer from a reflective surface as a reflected burst;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected burst at the source transducer, the values of the reflected burst'"'"'s instantaneous amplitude being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU19## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the following additional step:

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the following additional steps:

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.P =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

28. The method of claim 26 wherein the propagation time t_p is determined for multiple consecutive reflected bursts that are reflections, from multiple reflective surfaces, of a single transmitted burst.

29. A method of analyzing the propagation of a sinusoidal burst from a source transducer to a reflecting surface and back to the source transducer, comprising the steps of:

transmitting a sinusoidal burst of known period T and phase from a source transducer for a predetermined duration, the transmitted burst being approximated by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">y.sub.t =k cos(ω

t),

where y_t is the instantaneous intensity of the transmitted burst at time t, ω

=2π

/T is the frequency of the transmitted burst, and k is a modulating function that is zero until the start of the burst, increases in amplitude over the next several cycles, remains constant for the duration of the burst, and then returns to zero;

reflecting at least part of the transmitted burst back toward the source transducer from a reflective surface as a reflected burst;

repetitively measuring the value of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy at the source transducer for a duration of cT, where c is an integer, the values of the instantaneous amplitude of the reflected energy being represented by x_i, x_i+1, . . ., x_i+n, where n+1 represents the total number of values measured and n+1=cm, where m equals the number of samples taken during each period T; and

determining the phase angle θ

between the transmitted burst and the reflected burst by the equation;

##EQU20## where t_j represents the time when the value x_j was measured and ω

=2π

/T is the radian frequency of the transmitted burst.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising the following additional step:

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle.

31. The method of claim 29, further comprising the following additional steps:

determining the quadrant of θ

from the signs of the numerator and denominator in the equation used to determine the phase angle;

determining the number of integral periods T which elapsed from the first peak of the transmitted energy to the first peak of the reflected energy, the number of integral periods being designated as β

; and

calculating the propagation time of the output signals by the equation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">t.sub.P =T(β

+θ

/2π

).

32. The method of claim 30 wherein the propagation time t_P is determined for multiple consecutive reflected bursts that are reflections, from multiple reflective surfaces, of a single transmitted burst.