Interferometric synthetic aperture detection of sparse non-surface objects

• US 5,160,931 A
• Filed: 09/19/1991
• Issued: 11/03/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 09/19/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
• Original Assignee: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
• Inventors: Brown, William M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Barron, Jr., Gilberto
• Application Number:
  US07/762,901
• Time in Patent Office: 411 Days
• Field of Search: 342/25, 367/88
• US Class Current: 342/25.00C
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9011 with frequency domain processing of the SAR signals in azimuth G01S13/9005 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9023 combined with interferometric techniques

Abstract

A technique for detecting non-surface objects from a moving platform using radiant ranging. The platform moves perpendicular to a line through a pair of first and second transducers. A transmitter repeatedly transmits a radiant signal via a first transducer. The return reflection signals in both transducers include return reflection signals from sparse non-surface objects in the presence of surface clutter reflections. Respective synthetic aperture complex images of resolution cell in slant range and Doppler frequency are formed from the received reflections of the two transducers. The complex phase factor between received reflections for each resolution cell in the absence of non-surface objects is determined. This is feasible because the non-surface objects are sparse, that is rare and generally encountered individually. Each resolution cell of the first synthetic aperture complex image is multiplied with the complex conjugate of the corresponding resolution cell of said complex phase factor. The resulting product signal is subtracted from the second synthetic aperture complex image. The resulting signal is non-zero (except for second order effects) only in the presence of a non-surface reflecting target. The technique may employ a third transducer permitting detection of non-surface objects at otherwise blind heights.

Claims

1. A method of detecting non-surface objects employing a platform including first and second transducers, the first and second transducers each having a predetermined field of view and together forming an interferometer baseline, said method comprising the steps of:

moving the platform substantially perpendicular to a line though the first and second transducers,

repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via at least one of the first and second transducers;

receiving reflections of each of the transmitted radiant signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second transducers;

forming first synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radiant reflections received by the first transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

forming second synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radiant reflections received by the second transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

determining the complex phase factor between said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell in the absence of non-surface objects;

multiplying one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the complex conjugate of the complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell of said complex phase factor, thereby forming a first product signal for each resolution cell; and

subtracting said first product signal of each resolution cell from the other of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a difference signal for each resolution cell which is substantially zero except in the presence of a non-surface object.

2. The method detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

said step of determining the complex phase factor between said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data includes

multiplying one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the complex conjugate of the other of said first and second synthetic aperture complex images of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a second product signal for each resolution cell,

averaging said second product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells, thereby producing a small region averaged signal for each resolution cell,

extracting the modulus of said small region averaged signal of each resolution cell, thereby producing a modulus signal for each resolution cell,

dividing said small region averaged signal of each resolution cell by said modulus signal of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing said complex phase factor for each resolution cell.

3. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 2, wherein:

said step of averaging said second product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells includes averaging said second product signal over the eight peripheral resolution cells of a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on the corresponding resolution cell.

4. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 2, wherein:

said step of averaging said second product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells includes omitting from the average said second product signal of any resolution cells previously determined to contain a non-surface object.

5. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the first and second transducers are respective first and second radar antennas; and

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal consists of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal.

6. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the first and second transducers are respective first and second electro-acoustic transducers; and

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal consists of repeatedly transmitting a sonar signal.

7. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via at least one of the first and second transducers consists of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via the first transducer;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radiant signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second transducers consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via both the first and second transducers.

8. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via at least one of the first and second transducers consists of alternately transmitting a radiant signal via the first transducer and then via the second transducer;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radiant signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second transducers consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the transmitting transducer.

9. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via at least one of the first and second transducers consists of alternately transmitting a radiant signal via the first transducer and then via the second transducer;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radiant signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second transducers consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radiant signals via both the first and second transducer.

10. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 1 wherein the platform further includes a third transducer having the predetermined field of view and forming with the first transducer a second interferometer baseline, said method further including the steps of:

receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radiant signals via the predetermined field of view of the third transducer;

forming a third synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radiant reflections received by the third transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

determining the second complex phase factor between the first and third synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell in the absence of non-surface objects;

multiplying said first synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the complex conjugate of the complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell of said second complex phase factor, thereby forming a third product signal for each resolution cell;

subtracting said third product signal of each resolution cell from the said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a second difference signal; and

determining the presence of a non-surface object from said difference signal and said second difference signal.

11. The method detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 10, wherein:

said step of determining the second complex phase factor between said first and third synthetic aperture complex image data includes

multiplying said third synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the complex conjugate of said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a fourth product signal for each resolution cell,

averaging said fourth product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells, thereby producing a second small region averaged signal for each resolution cell,

extracting the modulus of said second small region averaged signal of each resolution cell, thereby producing a second modulus signal for each resolution cell,

dividing said second small region averaged signal of each resolution cell by said second modulus signal of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing said second complex phase factor for each resolution cell.

12. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 11, wherein:

said step of averaging said fourth product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells includes averaging said fourth product signal over the eight peripheral resolution cells of a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on the corresponding resolution cell.

13. The method of detecting non-surface objects as claimed in claim 11, wherein:

said step of averaging said fourth product signal over a small region of adjacent resolution cells includes omitting from the average said fourth product signal of any resolution cells previously determined to contain a non-surface object.

14. A non-surface object detection apparatus used with a moving platform comprising:

a first transducer having a predetermined field of view off the axis of motion of the moving platform;

a second transducer a predetermined distance from the first transducer having said predetermined field of view;

a transmitter connected to at least one of the first and second transducers for repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal via said at least one of said first and second transducers;

a first receiver connected to said first transducer for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data for each of a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections received by said first transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

a second receiver connected to said second transducer for forming second synthetic aperture complex image data for each of a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections received by said second transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

a complex phase factor means connected to said first and second receivers for determining the complex phase factor between said first and second and second complex image data for each resolution cell in the absence of non-surface objects, thereby producing a complex phase factor signal for each resolution cell;

a complex conjugate means connected to said complex phase factor means for forming the complex conjugate of said complex phase factor signal of each resolution cell, thereby forming a complex conjugant signal of each resolution cell;

a product means connected to said first receiver and said complex conjugate means for multiplying said complex conjugate signal of each resolution cell by said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a product signal for each resolution cell; and

a difference means connected to said second receiver and said product means for subtracting said product signal of each resolution cell from said second synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a difference signal for each resolution cell which is substantially zero except in the presence of a non-surface object.

15. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein:

said complex phase factor means includes

a second complex conjugate means connected to said first receiver for forming the complex conjugate of said first synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell,

a second product means connected to said second receiver and said second complex conjugate means for multiplying said second synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell by the complex conjugant of said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing a second product signal for each resolution cell,

a small region averaging means connected to said second product means for averaging said second product signal for a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell, thereby producing a small region averaged signal,

a modulus means connected to said small region averaging means for extracting the modulus of said small region averaged signal for each resolution cell, thereby producing a modulus signal for each resolution cell, and

a quotient means connected to said small region averaging means and said modulus means for dividing said small region averaged signal for each resolution cell by said modulus signal of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing said complex phase factor signal for each resolution cell.

16. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein:

said small region averaging means averages said product signals over the eight peripheral resolution cells of a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on the corresponding resolution cell.

17. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein:

said small region averaging means averages said product signal omitting from the average any resolution cells previously determined to contain a non-surface object.

18. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein:

said first and second transducers are respective first and second radar antennas; and

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal consists of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal.

19. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein:

said first and second transducers are respective first and second electro-acoustic transducers; and

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radiant signal consists of repeatedly transmitting a sonar signal.

20. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, further comprising:

a transmit/receive switch connected to said first transducer, said transmitter and said first receiver for alternately coupling said transmitter to said first transducer for transmitting a radiant pulse and coupling said first receiver to said first transducer for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said first transducer.

21. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, further comprising:

an transducer selection switch having an input connected to said transmitter and first and second outputs for alternately connecting said transmitter to said first and second outputs;

a first transmit/receive switch connected to said first transducer, said first receiver and said transducer selection switch for alternately coupling said transducer selection switch to said first transducer for transmitting a radiant pulse and coupling said first receiver to said first transducer for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said first transducer; and

a second transmit/receive switch connected to said second transducer, said second receiver and said transducer selection switch for alternately coupling said transducer selection switch to said second transducer for transmitting a radiant pulse and coupling said second receiver to said second transducer for forming second synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said second transducer.

22. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 14, further comprising:

a third transducer having said predetermined field of view off the axis of motion of the moving platform;

a third receiver connected to said third transducer for forming third synthetic aperture complex image data for each of a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections received by said third transducer employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

a second complex phase factor means connected to said first and third receivers for determining the second complex phase factor between said first and third complex image data for each resolution cell the absence of nonsurface objects, thereby producing a second complex phase factor signal for each resolution cell;

a second complex conjugate means connected to said second complex phase factor means for forming the complex conjugate of said second complex phase factor signal of each resolution cell, thereby forming a second complex conjugant signal of each resolution cell;

a third product means connected to said first receiver and said second complex conjugate means for multiplying said second complex conjugate signal of each resolution cell by said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a second product signal for each resolution cell;

a second difference means connected to said third receiver and said second product means for subtracting said second product signal of each resolution cell from said third synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a second difference signal for each resolution cell; and

a non-surface object detector connected to said difference means and said second difference means for determining the presence of a non-surface object from said difference signal and said second difference signal.

23. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein:

said second complex phase factor means includes

a fourth product means connected to said third receiver and said second complex conjugate means for multiplying said third synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell by the complex conjugant of said first synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing a fourth product signal for each resolution cell,

a second small region averaging means connected to said fourth product means for averaging said fourth product signal for a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell, thereby producing a second small region averaged signal,

a second modulus means connected to said second small region averaging means for extracting the modulus of said second small region averaged signal for each resolution cell, thereby producing a second modulus signal for each resolution cell, and

a second quotient means connected to said second small region averaging means and said second modulus means for dividing said second small region averaged signal for each resolution cell by said second modulus signal of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby producing said second complex phase factor signal for each resolution cell.

24. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein:

said second small region averaging means averages said second product signals over the eight peripheral resolution cells of a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on the corresponding resolution cell.

25. The non-surface object detection apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein:

said second small region averaging means averages said second product signal omitting from the average any resolution cells previously determined to contain a non-surface object.