Coal-water slurry fuel internal combustion engine and method for operating same

• US 5,163,385 A
• Filed: 03/12/1992
• Issued: 11/17/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 03/12/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy
• Original Assignee: United States Department of Energy
• Inventors: McMillian, Michael H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Kamen, Noah P.
• Application Number:
  US07/851,390
• Time in Patent Office: 250 Days
• Field of Search: 123/23, 123/259, 123/267, 123/270, 123/271, 123/275
• US Class Current: 123/23
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 19/14 with compression ignition
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 2075/027 four
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 45/02 operating on powdered fuel, e.g. powdered coal operating on fuel containing oxidant F02B45/06
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 45/10 operating on mixtures of liquid and non-liquid fuels, e.g. in pasty or foamed state
• CPC Class Codes: F02D 19/04 peculiar to engines working with solid fuels, e.g. pulverised coal
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/12 Improving ICE efficiencies
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/30 Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Abstract

An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry is described. About 90 percent of the coal-water slurry charge utilized in the power cycle of the engine is directly injected into the main combustion chamber where it is ignited by a hot stream of combustion gases discharged from a pilot combustion chamber of a size less than about 10 percent of the total clearance volume of main combustion chamber with the piston at top dead center. The stream of hot combustion gases is provided by injecting less than about 10 percent of the total coal-water slurry charge into the pilot combustion chamber and using a portion of the air from the main combustion chamber that has been heated by the walls defining the pilot combustion chamber as the ignition source for the coal-water slurry injected into the pilot combustion chamber.

Claims

1. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry comprising in combination an engine block having a cylinder with a reciprocating piston therein, a cylinder head attached to the engine block for defining with the cylinder and the piston a main combustion chamber, means for introducing a charge of air into the main combustion chamber, first fuel injecting means supported by the cylinder head and in registry with the main combustion chamber for directly injecting into the combustion chamber a major portion of a coal-water slurry charge required for a power cycle of the engine, and ignition means for the major portion of the coal-water slurry charge provided by pilot chamber means supported by the cylinder head and comprising wall means defining and enclosing a pilot combustion chamber at a location spaced from the main combustion chamber, passageway means interconnecting the pilot combustion chamber and the main combustion chamber, and second fuel injecting means supported by the pilot chamber means and in registry with the pilot combustion chamber for injecting a minor portion of the coal-water slurry charge into the pilot combustion chamber for combustion thereof with a portion of the air introduced into the main combustion chamber and conveyed into the pilot combustion chamber through said passageway means to provide a stream of hot combustion gases conveyable through said passageway means into the main combustion chamber for effecting the ignition of the major portion of said coal-water slurry charge injected into the main combustion chamber, and means associated with said pilot combustion chamber for heating the portion of air conveyed into the pilot combustion chamber to a temperature adequate to ignite said minor portion of the coal-water slurry charge upon the admixture therewith in the pilot combustion chamber.

2. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pilot combustion chamber is of a volume corresponding to about 5 to 10 percent of the volume of the main combustion chamber with the piston at top dead center.

3. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second fuel injector means is adapted to inject the minor portion of the coal water slurry charge into the pilot combustion chamber corresponding to about 5 to 10 percent of the total charge of the coal-water slurry charge injected into the engine at full load during each full cycle of the engine.

4. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 3, wherein said means associated with the pilot combustion chamber for heating the portion of air conveyed into the latter comprises wall means defining the pilot combustion chamber wherein said wall means also define said passageway, and wherein said wall means comprise a material having a sufficiently high level of heat conductivity and heat retention to heat the portion of the air entering the pilot combustion chamber to a temperature corresponding to at least a minimum threshold temperature required for the ignition of coal-water slurry-air admixture in the pilot combustion chamber.

5. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 4, wherein said material is selected from partially stabilized zirconia, silicon nitrate or combinations thereof.

6. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 4, wherein said wall means defining the pilot combustion chamber and the passageway are heated to at least said temperature corresponding to the minimum threshold temperature by the combustion of the admixture of the coal-water slurry and air in the pilot combustion chamber, and wherein further heating means are associated with the wall means defining the pilot combustion chamber for initially heating the wall means defining the pilot combustion chamber to a temperature at least corresponding to said minimum threshold temperature for engine start-up and prior to any injection of coal-water slurry into the pilot combustion chamber.

7. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 6, wherein said further heating means comprises an electrical resistance heater supported by said wall means.

8. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 6, wherein said wall means is formed of inner and outer layers with the inner layer provided by the material having the sufficiently high level of heat conductivity and heat retention to heat the portion of air the entering the pilot combustion chamber to the temperature corresponding to at least said minimum threshold temperature and with the outer layer being provided by a material having substantially less heat conductivity than the inner layer for reducing heat losses from said wall means.

9. An internal combustion engine fueled with a coal-water slurry as claimed in claim 8, wherein said further heating means are disposed intermediate the inner and outer layers of the wall means, and wherein said further heating means comprises electrical resistance heating means.

10. A method for operating an internal combustion engine on a coal-water slurry fuel, comprising the steps of:

providing a main combustion chamber defined by a cylinder, piston and cylinder head;

providing a wall-defined pilot combustion chamber in the cylinder head;

providing a passageway interconnecting the pilot combustion chamber and the main combustion chamber;

introducing a charge of air into the main combustion chamber;

injecting a first charge of coal-water slurry corresponding to a minor portion of the total charge of coal-water slurry used in a power cycle in the engine into the pilot combustion chamber for mixing with a portion of the charge of air entering the pilot combustion chamber through the passageway;

heating the portion of the charge of air entering and within the pilot combustion chamber to a temperature adequate to effect ignition of the first charge of the coal-water slurry upon the injection thereof into the heated air for providing a stream of hot combustion gases; and

injecting a second charge of coal-water slurry into the main combustion chamber in the presence of the balance of the charge of air for the ignition of the resulting air-fuel mixture upon contact with a stream of hot combustion gases conveyed into the main combustion chamber from the pilot combustion chamber through the passageway.

11. A method for operating an internal combustion engine on a coal-water slurry fuel as claimed in claim 10, including the step of providing the pilot combustion chamber with a volume less than 10 percent of the total clearance volume of main combustion chamber with the piston at top dead center, and wherein the minor portion of the of coal-water slurry corresponds to less than about 10 percent of the total charge of the coal-water slurry injected into the engine with the engine at substantially full load.

12. A method for operating an internal combustion engine on a coal-water slurry fuel as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of heating the portion of the air entering the pilot combustion chamber through the passageway is provided by forming the walls of at least the pilot combustion chamber of a material characterized by adequate thermal conductivity and heat retention to absorb sufficient heat from the hot combustion gases in the pilot combustion chamber and then transferring such absorbed heat to heat the portion of air entering the pilot combustion chamber to said temperature.

13. A method for operating an internal combustion engine on a coal-water slurry fuel as claimed in claim 12, wherein said material is selected from partially stabilized zirconia, silicon nitrate, or mixtures thereof.

14. A method for operating an internal combustion engine on a coal-water slurry fuel as claimed in claim 12, including the additional step of providing the walls of at least the pilot combustion chamber with electrical heating means for heating the walls to at least said temperature during engine start-up.