Simultaneous transmission and emission converging tomography

• US 5,210,421 A
• Filed: 06/10/1991
• Issued: 05/11/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 06/10/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited), University of Utah (State of Utah)
• Original Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Inventors: Tung, Chi-Hua, Gullberg, Grant T., Morgan, Hugh T., Zeng, Gengsheng L., Christian, Paul E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hannaher, Constantine
• Application Number:
  US07/712,676
• Time in Patent Office: 701 Days
• Field of Search: 250/363.04
• US Class Current: 250/363.04
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1077 Measuring of profiles
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/4429 related to the mounting of source units and detector units
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/482 involving multiple energy imaging
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/5235 combining images from the same or different ionising radiation imaging techniques, e.g. PET and CT
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/583 using calibration phantoms
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/589 Setting distance between source unit and patient
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1615 using both transmission and emission sources simultaneously SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2985 In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis); using external radiation sources A61B6/02
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 11/005 Specific pre-processing for tomographic reconstruction, e.g. calibration, source positioning, rebinning, scatter correction, retrospective gating

Abstract

A SPECT system includes three gamma camera heads (22a), (22b), (22c) which are mounted to a gantry (20) for rotation about a subject (12). The subject is injected with a source of emission radiation, which emission radiation is received by the camera heads. A reconstruction processor (112) reconstructs the emission projection data into a distribution of emission radiation sources in the subject. Transmission radiation from a radiation source (30) passes through the subject and is received by one of the camera heads (22a) concurrently with the emission radiation. The transmission radiation data is reconstructed into a three-dimensional CT type image representation of radiation attenuation characteristics of each pixel of the subject. An attenuation correction processor (118) corrects the emission projection data to compensate for attenuation along the path or ray that it traversed. In this manner, an attenuation corrected distribution of emission sources is generated.

Claims

1. A gamma camera system comprising:

three gamma camera heads disposed for movement around and facing an examination region, each gamma camera head receiving emission radiation from the examination region and producing output signals indicative thereof;

a transmission radiation source disposed across the examination region and opposite from only a single one of the heads such that only one of the three gamma camera heads is disposed to receive both emission radiation from the examination region and transmission radiation directly from the source and two of the three gamma camera heads are disposed to receive emission radiation and only scattered transmission radiation from the examination region.

2. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 1 wherein a subject in the examination region is injected with a radionuclide and further including:

a means for determining attenuation coefficients from the transmission radiation output signals from the head opposite the source;

a means for reconstructing an attenuation corrected image representation of radionuclide distribution from emission radiation signals from the heads.

3. A gamma camera system in which a subject in an examination region is injected with a radionuclide of at least a first energy level, the gamma camera system comprising:

three gamma camera heads disposed for movement around and facing the examination region;

each gamma camera head receiving radiation from the examination region and producing output signals indicative thereof;

a transmission radiation source disposed opposite one of the heads across the examination region, the radiation source generating radiation of a second energy level;

each gamma camera head providing first and second energy level output signals; and

a second energy level correcting means for correcting the second energy level signal from the head opposite the radiation source in accordance with other photopeak emission photons received by the other two camera heads, the second energy level output signal from each of the camera heads being connected with the second energy correction means.

4. A gamma camera head system comprising:

a plurality of gamma camera heads facing an examination region for receiving emission radiation emitted from a subject in the examination region;

a radiation source disposed across the examination region opposite one but not all of the heads such that the one head further receives transmitted radiation from the source which has traversed the examination region and at least one other head is positioned not across the examination region from a radiation source;

a circumferential moving means for moving the heads and the source circumferentially around the examination region;

a radial moving means for moving the heads toward and away from the examination region during the circumferential rotation;

a reconstruction means for processing concurrently received transmission radiation data from the one head and emission radiation data from the heads into an attenuation corrected image representation of emission radiation distribution in the examination region.

5. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 4 further including:

a means for moving the radiation source toward and away from the examination region during the circumferential rotation;

a control means for controlling the radial moving means and the radiation source moving means such that the radiation source and the one head are maintained at a fixed spacing from each other.

6. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 4 wherein the reconstruction means includes:

an attenuation data processing means for calculating attenuation correction values from the transmission radiation data;

an emission data processing means for reconstructing the corrected image representation from the attenuation correction values and the emission data.

7. A method of reconstructing emission projection signals from a three head gamma camera system to produce a pixelized image of a distribution of emission sources in an attenuating medium, the method comprising:

rotating the heads around the medium;

as the heads are rotated, simultaneously (i) transmitting radiation through the medium to one of the heads and (ii) receiving emission radiation from the emission sources distributed in the medium with the three heads and simultaneously collecting transmission and emission projection data;

determining cross-talk corrections from the simultaneously collected transmission and emission projection data to correct for transmission radiation contributions to the emission projection data and emission radiation contributions to the transmission projection data;

correcting the transmission and emission projection data with the cross-talk corrections;

generating attenuation coefficients from the transmission data for the pixelized space;

from the emission projection data set and the attenuation coefficient set, reconstructing an image space representation of the distribution of emission sources in the medium.

8. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein

in the step of transmitting radiation through the medium, the transmission radiation is one of x-rays from an x-ray tube and gamma radiation emanating from one of:

a line source, a rectangular source, a point source, a disk source, and a flood source;

and further including the step of collimating radiation passing from the medium to the heads with at least one of;

a fan beam collimator, a cone beam collimator, an astigmatic collimator, and a parallel collimator.

9. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein the cross-talk correcting step includes correcting the transmission projection data for scatter and photopeak photons from multi-peak emission radionuclei.

10. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the emission and transmission sources having first and second energies, respectively, and wherein the step of correcting the transmission projection signals includes:

measuring first and second energy radiation photons with each of the three heads;

subtracting a portion of the transmission projection data from the transmission projection data of one of the heads to provide corrected transmission projection data;

reconstructing a corrected transmission image representation from the corrected transmission projection data, the attenuation coefficients being generated from the corrected transmission image representation.

11. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein the transmission and emission radiation have substantially the same energy and wherein the step of correcting the transmission projection data for cross-talk includes:

monitoring the emission projection data from the at least one head which is not across from the transmission radiation source;

subtracting the monitored emission projection data from the simultaneously measured transmission and emission projection data of the head directly across from the transmission radiation source.

12. The method as set forth in claim 7 wherein the step of generating the attenuation coefficients for the pixelized space includes:

correcting the emission projection data for scattered transmission radiation.

13. The method as set forth in claim 12 wherein the transmission and emission radiation have different energies and wherein the correcting step includes:

measuring a portion of transmission and emission photons scattering into an emission energy range with the three heads;

subtracting the measured portion from the measured emission projection data of the three heads to generate corrected emission projection data which are reconstructed into the emission source distribution representation.

14. The method as set forth in claim 12 wherein the transmission and emission radiation are of the same energy, and wherein the correction step includes:

measuring a portion of the transmission and emission radiation in an emission energy range and detected by the two heads not directly opposite a transmission radiation source;

subtracting the portion from the measured transmission projection data of the heads not opposite the radiation source to generate corrected transmission data for reconstruction into the attenuation coefficients.

15. A method of simultaneously measuring transmission and emission projection data, the method comprising:

transmitting transmission radiation photons of a first energy from a radiation source on one side of an attenuating medium to a first gamma camera head disposed across the medium from the transmission radiation source;

concurrently detecting the transmission radiation photons and emission radiation photons of a second energy from emission radiation sources distributed within the attenuating medium with the first camera head and concurrently detecting the emission radiation photons and scattered transmission radiation photons with at least one additional camera head;

separating first and second energy photons received by the detector heads to generate first energy transmission projection data and second energy emission projection data;

correcting the transmission projection data from the first detector head in accordance with the transmission projection data from the at least one additional camera head to correct for scatter;

correcting the emission projection data in accordance with the corrected transmission projection data generated by the first head.

16. A method of simultaneously measuring transmission and emission photons from a subject, the method comprising:

directing transmission radiation photons through the subject from a transmission radiation photon source;

concurrently detecting transmission photons which have passed through the subject and emission photons emanating from emission sources distributed within the subject with a first camera head;

concurrently detecting emission photons and scattered transmission photons with additional camera heads;

correcting output data from (1) the first head with output data from the other heads and (2) the output data from the other heads with the output data from the first head.

17. A method of determining an emission source distribution within a subject, the method comprising:

transmitting radiation photons through the subject;

detecting only transmission radiation photons which have passed through a central portion of the subject such that transmission radiation photons passing through edge portions of the subject are not detected;

determining radiation attenuation properties of the subject from the detected transmission radiation photons;

concurrently with the detecting of transmission radiation photons, detecting emission radiation photons emitted by emission sources distributed within the central and edge portions of the subject;

correcting (i) the determined radiation attenuation properties for contributions of the emission radiation photons and (ii) the detected emission radiation photons for contributions of the transmission radiation photons;

from the corrected emission radiation photons, reconstructing a representation of the emission source distribution in the subject.

18. A gamma camera system for examining a subject in an examination region who has been injected with a radiopharmaceutical having a first characteristic energy level, the gamma camera system comprising:

a transmission radiation source for generating radiation having a second characteristic energy level, the radiation source being disposed adjacent the examination region;

a first gamma camera head disposed across the examination region from the radiation source such that the first gamma camera head receives radiation from the examination region of the first and second characteristic energy levels, the first gamma camera head generating first energy level and second energy level signals corresponding to a location on a face of the first gamma camera head at which radiation of the first and second energy levels, respectively, is received;

at least a second gamma camera head mounted adjacent the examination region, the second gamma camera head being mounted with a face thereof facing toward the examination region and away from the transmission radiation source such that the second camera head receives radiation of the first characteristic energy level directly from the examination region and receives radiation of the second characteristic energy level from the examination region attributable to secondary photopeaks of the emission source and only scattered radiation from the transmission source and produces first energy level and second energy level signals indicative of a location on the second gamma camera head face at which radiation of the first and second energy levels, respectively, is received;

a means for rotating the first and second gamma camera heads and the transmission radiation source concurrently around the examination region;

a transmission radiation correction means for correcting the second energy level output signal of the first gamma camera head in accordance with the second energy level output signal of the second gamma camera head in order to correct for scatter and secondary photopeaks in the second characteristic energy range;

an emission radiation correcting means for correcting the first energy level signal from the first and second gamma camera heads in accordance with the corrected second energy level output signal; and

a reconstruction means for concurrently processing corrected first and second energy level signals from the first and second gamma camera heads into at least an attenuation corrected image representation of emission radiation distribution in the examination region.

19. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 18 further including a collimator mounted on the radiation receiving face of each gamma camera head, the collimator mounted to the first gamma camera head being one of:

a fan beam collimator;

a cone beam collimator;

an astigmatic collimator; and

,

a parallel collimator.

20. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 19 wherein the transmission radiation source includes one of:

a line source;

a bar source;

a point source;

a flat rectangular-shaped source which is small compared to an entrance surface of the collimator;

a disk source which is small compared to an entrance surface of the collimator; and

,

a flood source.

21. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 18 wherein the transmission radiation source includes one of an x-ray tube and a radionuclide.

22. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 18 further including a source collimator means for restricting radiation from the transmission radiation source to impinge on the first head across the examination region therefrom.

23. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 18 further including:

a means for moving the radiation source toward and away from the examination region.

24. The gamma camera system as set forth in claim 23 further including:

a radial moving means for moving the gamma camera heads radially toward and away from the examination region; and

,

a control means for controlling at least the radiation source moving means and the radial moving means such that the radiation source and the opposite head maintain a fixed spacing relative to each other.