Image sensor array with threshold voltage detectors and charged storage capacitors

• US 5,214,274 A
• Filed: 07/24/1992
• Issued: 05/25/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 07/24/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation)
• Original Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation)
• Inventors: Yang, Woodward
• Primary Examiner(s): Nelms, David C.
• Assistant Examiner(s): LE, QUE TAN
• Application Number:
  US07/919,771
• Time in Patent Office: 305 Days
• Field of Search: 250/208.1, 250/214 A, 250/214 AG, 250/214 C, 250/214 L, 250/201.8, 250/201.1, 307/311, 307/207, 358/228, 358/213.19, 358/213.13, 358/475, 358/213.15, 358/213.11, 358/213.26
• US Class Current: 250/208.1
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 1/44 Electric circuits for command of an exposure part G03B7/02
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 2001/4426 with intensity to frequency or voltage to frequency conversion [IFC or VFC]
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 2001/448 Array [CCD]
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/00 Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof

Abstract

A wide dynamic range sensor employing simple sensing circuitry formed on a single chip provides accurate measurements of an incoming signal capable of varying of a wide dynamic range. Responsive to an incoming signal, the sensor generates output pulses having a frequency which is representative of a property of the incoming signal. By measuring the output pulse frequency, an accurate indication of a property of the incoming signal capable of varying over a range of 10⁵ or more is possible over the entire signal range. A plurality of sensors can be colocated on a single chip for providing a wide dynamic range sensor array.

Claims

1. A sensor array for measuring intensity of an incoming signal, the array having a plurality of sensors colocated on a single integrated circuit chip, each sensor comprising:

a transducer for sensing a portion of the incoming signal and for providing an output current related to the sensed incoming signal;

a capacitor receiving the transducer output current and storing charge associated with the transducer output current, the capacitor integrating current to provide a capacitor output voltage;

a detector receiving the capacitor output voltage, the detector generating an output pulse when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage and a reset signal for discharging the stored charge in the capacitor, the detector generating a stream of output pulses having a pulse frequency representative of the intensity of said portion of the sensed incoming signal.

2. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein each transducer is a photodetector comprising a p-n junction.

3. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein the capacitor has a capacitance of less than about 1 pF.

4. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein the capacitor comprises an intrinsic capacitance associated with the transducer, the intrinsic capacitance storing substantially all charge associated with the transducer output current.

5. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein the detector is an inverter.

6. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein the detector is a comparator having a tunable threshold voltage.

7. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein each detector output pulse also serves as a reset signal.

8. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein the incoming signal is capable of varying over a range of 10⁵ or more.

9. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 wherein each sensor further comprises a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor.

10. A sensor array as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a series arrangement of buffers connected to the detector output for buffering each output pulse.

11. A photosensor array for measuring intensity of incoming radiation, the array having a plurality of photosensors colocated on a single integrated circuit chip, each photosensor comprising:

a photodetector for sensing a portion of the incoming radiation and for providing an output current related to the intensity of the sensed incoming radiation;

a intrinsic capacitor associated with the photodetector, the intrinsic capacitor directly receiving the photodetector output current and storing substantially all charge associated with the photodetector output current, the capacitor integrating current to provide an output voltage;

a detector receiving the capacitor output voltage, the detector generating an output pulse when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage and a reset signal for discharging the stored charge in the capacitor, the detector generating a stream of output pulses having a pulse frequency representative of the intensity of said portion of the sensed incoming radiation.

12. A photosensor array as claimed in claim 11 wherein the intrinsic capacitor has a capacitance of less than about 1 pF.

13. A photosensor array as claimed in claim 11 wherein the incoming radiation is capable of varying in intensity over a range of 10⁵ or more.

14. A photosensor array as claimed in claim 11 wherein each photosensor further comprises a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor.

15. A sensor comprising:

a transducer for providing an output current responsive to an incoming signal;

a intrinsic capacitor associated with the transducer for storing substantially all charge from the transducer output current, the capacitor integrating current to provide an output voltage;

a detector receiving the capacitor output voltage, the detector providing an output pulse when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage and a reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor, the detector generating a stream of output pulses having a pulse frequency which is representative of a property of the incoming signal.

16. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the current in the capacitor.

17. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the transducer is a photodetector comprising a p-n junction.

18. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the intrinsic capacitor has a capacitance of less than about 1 pF.

19. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the detector is an inverter.

20. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the detector is a comparator having a tunable threshold voltage.

21. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein each detector output pulse also serves as a reset signal.

22. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the pulse frequency is proportional to an intensity of the incoming signal.

23. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a series arrangement of buffers connected to the detector output for buffering each output pulse.

24. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the sensor is formed on a single integrated circuit chip.

25. A sensor as claimed in claim 15 wherein the incoming signal is capable of varying over a range of 10⁵ or more.

26. A single-chip photosensor comprising:

a photodetector for sensing incoming light and for providing an output current related to the sensed light;

a intrinsic capacitor associated with the photodetector and directly receiving the photodetector output current for storing substantially all charge from the received photodetector output current, the capacitor integrating current to provide an output voltage;

a detector receiving the capacitor output voltage, the detector generating an output pulse when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage and a reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor, the detector generating a stream of output pulses having a pulse frequency representative of the intensity of the sensed incoming light.

27. A photosensor as claimed in claim 26 further comprising a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the current in the capacitor.

28. A photosensor as claimed in claim 26 wherein the photodetector comprises a p-n junction.

29. A photosensor as claimed in claim 26 wherein each detector output pulse also serves as a reset signal.

30. A photosensor as claimed in claim 26 wherein the intrinsic capacitor has a capacitance of less than about 1 pF.

31. A photosensor as claimed in claim 26 wherein the incoming light is capable of varying over a range of 10⁵ or more.

32. A method for measuring a property of an incoming signal comprising:

providing an output current from a transducer being responsive to an incoming signal;

storing substantially all of the transducer output current in an intrinsic capacitor associated with the transducer, the capacitor integrating the current to provide an output voltage;

generating an output pulse from a threshold detector receiving the capacitor output voltage when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage and a reset signal from the threshold detector for discharging the stored current in the capacitor, wherein the output pulses form a pulse stream having a frequency being representative of a property of the incoming signal.

33. A method as claimed in claim 32 further comprising providing a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor.

34. A method as claimed in claim 32 wherein the transducer comprises a photodetector.

35. A method as claimed in claim 32 wherein the intrinsic capacitor has a capacitance of up to about 1 pF.

36. A method as claimed in claim 32 wherein the frequency of the output pulses is proportional to an intensity of the input signal.

37. A method as claimed in claim 32 wherein the transducer, capacitor and detector are colocated on a single integrated circuit chip.

38. A method for measuring intensity of incoming light comprising:

sensing the incoming light with a photodetector which provides an output current responsive to the sensed light;

storing substantially all of the output current on an intrinsic capacitor associated with the photodetector and directly receiving the output current, the capacitor integrating the current for providing an capacitor output voltage;

generating an output pulse from a detector which receives the capacitor output voltage when the capacitor output voltage exceeds a threshold voltage of the detector and generating a reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor, wherein the output pulses form a pulse stream having a frequency which is representative of the intensity of the sensed incoming light.

39. A method as claimed in claim 38 further comprising providing a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being responsive to the reset signal for discharging the stored current in the capacitor.

40. A method as claimed in claim 38 wherein the incoming light is capable of varying in intensity over a range of 10⁵ or more.