Hybrid diffractive/refractive lens

• US 5,223,978 A
• Filed: 06/03/1991
• Issued: 06/29/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 06/03/1991
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Original Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Inventors: Ferrante, Ronald A., Burkhart, Gordon H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Arnold, Bruce Y.
• Assistant Examiner(s): PARSONS, DAVID
• Application Number:
  US07/710,362
• Time in Patent Office: 757 Days
• Field of Search: 359/641, 359/741, 359/742, 359/565, 359/566, 359/569, 359/718, 359/719, 359/571, 359/574, 359/575, 359/558, 359/619
• US Class Current: 359/569
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 19/0014 at least one surface having optical power
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 19/0052 the light source comprising a laser diode coupling into light guides using intermediate optical elements G02B6/4204; semiconductor lasers having optical devices external to the laser cavity H01S5/005
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0037 with diffracting elements G02B27/0056 takes precedence; holographic optical elements G02B5/32; zone systems G02B5/1876
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/09 Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for adapting the beam shape of a laser diode G02B19/0052; adapting the beam shape of an LED G02B19/0061; coupling into light guides using intermediate optical elements G02B6/4204; beam shaping specially adapted for lasers H01S3/005
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0944 Diffractive optical elements, e.g. gratings, holograms gratings per se G02B5/18; holograms used as optical elements per se G02B5/32
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0966 Cylindrical lenses cylindrical lenses per se G02B3/06
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/1876 Diffractive Fresnel lenses; Zone plates; Kinoforms G02B5/1842, G02B5/1847 take precedence; optical systems having diffractive correction means G02B27/0037; Fresnel lenses operating by refraction G02B3/08
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/1885 Arranged as a periodic array

Abstract

A hybrid lens for collimating, with low optical aberrations, an asymmetrically diverging input wavefront. The hybrid lens has a front surface which serves to diffract the input wavefront and a back surface which serves to refract the wavefront. Embodiments are described comprised of either a single plano-convex optical lens or a pair of lenses, one of which is a plano lens and the other or which is plano-convex. In either alternative, the convex surface is spherical. The planar surface of the single plano-convex lens or the back lens surface of the plano lens is optimized such that each ray of light from a diverging input light source will travel the same optical path length in reaching a predetermined collimation plane. This optimization is done by means of binary optic technology which uses a reactive-ion etch to form the requisite eight-level binary optic diffraction pattern. The widths of the fringe patterns generated by the three masks determined by calculations of the optical path difference between on-axis and off-axis rays which are traced through the hybrid lens.

Claims

1. An optical lens for collimating a divergent input light, comprising:

a) a substantially spherical front lens surface; and

b) a substantially planar back lens surface having a binary optic diffractive element etched thereon wherein said back lens surface has been formed such that the optical path length travelled by each ray of said divergent input light from a source of said divergent input light to a predetermined collimation plane is substantially equal.

2. The optical lens as recited in claim 1 wherein said binary optic diffractive element is an eight phase level structure.

3. The optical lens as recited in claim 2 wherein said binary optic diffractive element is formed by means of reactive ion etching.

4. The optical lens as recited in claim 3 wherein said eight phase level structure of said binary optic diffractive element is formed by means of a first mask having a period of mλ

, a second mask having a period of mλ

/2, and a third mask having a period of mλ

/4, wherein m is an integer greater than or equal to zero.

5. The optical lens as recited in claim 4 wherein mλ

, mλ

/2, and mλ

/4 are each equal to the optical path difference of an on-axis ray, said on-axis ray tracing a pattern along said optical axis of said divergent input light, and an off-axis ray, said off-axis ray entering said back lens surface at an equivalent height above the optical axis of said divergent input light as the height at which the eight level phase structure is placed.

6. The optical lens as recited in claim 1 wherein said optical lens further comprises:

a) a plano-convex lens element having a planar side and a convex side;

said convex side forming said substantially spherical front lens surface; and

b) a plano lens element forming said substantially planar back lens surface wherein said substantially planar back lens surface has said binary optic diffractive element etched thereon;

said plano lens element being positioned adjacent to said planar side of said plano-convex lens element.

7. The optical lens as recited in claim 6 wherein said plano lens element is adhesively attached to said planar side of said plano-convex lens element.

8. The optical lens as recited in claim 7 wherein said binary optic diffractive element is an eight phase level structure.

9. The optical lens as recited in claim 8 wherein said binary optic diffractive element is formed by means of reactive ion etching.

10. The optical lens as recited in claim 9 wherein said eight phase level structure of said binary optic diffractive element is formed by means of a first mask having a period of mλ

, a second mask having a period of mλ

/2, and a third mask having a period of mλ

/4, wherein m is an integer greater than or equal to zero.

11. The optical lens as recited in claim 10 wherein mλ

, mλ

/2, and mλ

/4 are each equal to the optical path difference of an on-axis ray, said on-axis ray tracing a pattern along said optical axis of said divergent input light, and an off-axis ray, said off-axis ray entering said back lens surface at an equivalent height above an optical axis of said divergent input light as the height at which the eight level phase structure is placed.

12. A method of producing a collimated output beam of light from a divergent input light source comprising the steps of:

a) providing a plano-convex lens having a first planar side forming a back lens surface and a substantially spherical second convex side forming a front lens surface;

said planar side having a binary optic diffractive element etched thereon; and

b) directing said divergent input light source at said first planar side of said plano-convex lens such that the optical axis of said divergent input light source is positioned substantially through the center of said plano-convex lens.

13. A method of producing a collimated output beam of light from a divergent input light source as recited in claim 12 wherein said binary optic diffractive element etched upon said planar side of said plano-convex lens is an eight-level phase structure.

14. A method of producing a collimated output beam of light from a divergent input light source as recited in claim 13 wherein said divergent input light source is produced by a laser.

15. A method of producing a collimated output beam of light from a divergent input light source as recited in claim 14 wherein said divergent input light source is produced by a semiconductor laser.

16. A method of producing a collimated output beam of light from a divergent input light source as recited in claim 15 wherein said plano-convex lens further comprises:

a) a plano-convex lens element having a planar side and convex side;

said convex side forming said substantially spherical front lens surface; and

b) a plano lens element forming said substantially planar back lens surface;

said plano lens element being positioned adjacent to said planar side of said plano-convex lens element.

17. The optical lens as recited in claim 16 wherein said plano lens element is adhesively attached to said planar side of said plano-convex lens element.