Contraband detection system

• US 5,227,800 A
• Filed: 09/24/1991
• Issued: 07/13/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 04/19/1988
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: MVT Equity LLC
• Original Assignee: Millitech Corporation (Proxim Wireless Corporation)
• Inventors: Walker, David K., Huguenin, G. Richard, Goldsmith, Paul F., Deo, Naresh C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Barron, Jr., Gilberto
• Application Number:
  US07/764,656
• Time in Patent Office: 658 Days
• Field of Search: 342/179
• US Class Current: 342/179
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/06 Systems determining position data of a target
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/34 using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/887 for detection of concealed objects, e.g. contraband or weapons
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/024 using polarisation effects in waveguides H01P1/165; for aerials H01Q, e.g. H01Q15/22, H01Q15/24, H01Q19/195
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/025 involving the transmission of linearly polarised waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/032 Constructional details for solid-state radar subsystems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/41 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 8/005 operating with millimetre waves, e.g. measuring the black losey radiation
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/247 with frequency mixer, e.g. for direct satellite reception or Doppler radar
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 13/085 Slot-line radiating ends
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/248 using a reflecting surface, e.g. twist reflector combination with a polarisation filter in dual reflector antennas H01Q19/195
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/46 Active lenses or reflecting arrays

Abstract

A contraband detection system especially suited for detecting concealed non-metallic contraband such as ceramic or plastic weapons or illegal drugs carried by a person is disclosed. Plural sources of quasi-coherent millimeter wave radiation are disposed so as to uniformly illuminate a field of view. In the preferred embodiment, the radiation emitted by the sources is linearly polarized in a single plane such that the polarization of the radiation with respect to the plane in which linearly polarized radiation is preferentially received by the detectors can be controlled. For detection of dielectric objects, such as ceramic weapons or narcotics, these planes of polarization should be orthogonal to one another. The detector is a staring array which does not require scanning to generate an image of the entire field of view; the signal provided by each element of the detector array corresponds to the illumination reflected from objects in a single portion of the field of view. Real-time imaging of concealed dielectric and metallic objects is thus made possible.

Claims

1. Apparatus for detection of contraband, comprising:

at least one two-dimensional array of spatially distributed point sources of millimeter wave radiation arranged to illuminate a field of view,

wherein the radiation emitted by the point sources is amplitude modulated;

means for focusing millimeter wave radiation from the field of view onto a focal plane; and

a two-dimensional staring array of detectors disposed in said focal plane, each of the detectors generating an output signal responsive to millimeter-wave radiation from a particular portion of the field of view,

wherein said output signals of said detectors provide sufficient information for generating, essentially in real time, an image of the field of view such that the pixels of the image correspond to the output signals generated by the detectors of the array.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the point sources of radiation comprise oscillators which do not resonate at the same frequency thereby providing a substantially incoherent illumination of the field of view.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the radiation emitted by the point sources is amplitude modulated by a square wave.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising local oscillator means for providing a local oscillator signal to the array of detectors, whereby the detectors individually mix the local oscillator signal with the radiation received from the corresponding portion of the field of view.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the point sources provide the local oscillator signal as well as the signal for illuminating the field of view.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising means for splitting the energy output of each of the point sources into unequal parts, a minor part, which is used as the local oscillator signal, and a major part which is used for illuminating the field of view.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the radiation emitted by the point sources of radiation is linearly polarized in a first plane and the detectors of the array are preferentially sensitive to radiation linearly polarized in a second plane.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the first plane is orthogonal to the second plane.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the first plane is parallel to the second plane.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising means for varying the relative orientation of the first and second planes responsive to the nature of the contraband and to be detected.

11. A method of detecting contraband, comprising the steps of:

uniformly illuminating a field of view, within which are disposed objects or persons to be examined, with millimeter-wave radiation generated by sources of such radiation;

modulating the amplitude of the radiation emitted by the sources;

disposing a two-dimensional array of detectors sensitive to millimeter-wave radiation in a position such that radiation reflected from objects or persons in the field of view is incident thereon, each of said detectors providing an output signal responsive to said radiation reflected from objects or persons in a corresponding portion of the field of view; and

forming an essentially real time image of the objects or persons within said field of view, responsive to illumination radiation reflected therefrom detected by the elements of the array,

wherein the pixels of the image represent the radiation detected by the elements from the corresponding portions of the field of view.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the array of sources provides a substantially incoherent illumination of the filed of the view.

13. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of providing a local oscillator signal to the array of detectors, which detectors individually mix the local oscillator signal with the radiation received from the corresponding portion of the field of view.

14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of dividing the energy output of each of the sources into unequal parts, a minor part, which is used as the local oscillator signal and a major part which is used for illuminating the field of view.

15. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the radiation emitted by the sources of radiation is linearly polarized in a first plane and the detectors of the array are preferentially sensitive to radiation linearly polarized in a second plane.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the first plane is orthogonal to the second plane.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the first plane is parallel to the second plane.

18. The method of claim 15 further comprising the step of varying the relative orientation of the first and second planes responsive to the nature of the contraband to be detected.

19. Apparatus for detection of contraband, comprising:

at least one two-dimensional array of spatially distributed point sources of millimeter wave radiation arranged to illuminate a field of view;

means for focusing millimeter wave radiation from the field of view onto a focal plane;

a two-dimensional staring array of detectors disposed in said focal plane, each of the detectors generating an output signal responsive to millimeter-wave radiation from a particular portion of the field of view,

wherein said output signals of said detectors provide sufficient information for generating, essentially in real time, an image of the field of view such that the pixels of the image correspond to the output signals generated by the detectors of the array; and

local oscillator means for providing a local oscillator signal to the array of detectors, whereby the detectors individually mix the local oscillator signal with the radiation received from the corresponding portion of the field of view.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the point sources provide the local oscillator signal as well as the signal for illuminating the field of view.

21. The apparatus of claim 20 further comprising means for splitting the energy output of each of the point sources into unequal parts, a minor part, which is used as the local oscillator signal, and a major part which is used for illuminating the field of view.

22. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the point sources of radiation comprise oscillators which do not resonate at the same frequency thereby providing a substantially incoherent illumination of the field of view.

23. Apparatus for detection of contraband, comprising:

at least one two-dimensional array of spatially distributed point sources of millimeter wave radiation arranged to illuminate a filed of view,

wherein the point sources of radiation comprise oscillators which do not resonate at the same frequency thereby providing a substantially incoherent illumination of the field of view;

means for focusing millimeter wave radiation from the field of view onto a focal plane; and

a two-dimensional staring array of detectors disposed in said focal plane, each of the detectors generating an output signal responsive to millimeter-wave radiation from a particular portion of the field of view,

wherein said output signals of said detectors provide sufficient information for generating, essentially in real time, an image of the field of view such that the pixels of the image correspond to the output signals generated by the detectors of the array.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the radiation emitted by the point sources of radiation is linearly polarized in a first plane and the detectors of the array are preferentially sensitive to radiation linearly polarized in a second plane.

25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the first plane is orthogonal to the second plane.

26. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the first plane is parallel to the second plane.

27. The apparatus of claim 24 further comprising means for varying the relative orientation of the first and second planes responsive to the nature of the contraband and to be detected.

28. A method of detecting contraband, comprising the steps of:

uniformly illuminating a field of view, within which are disposed objects or persons to be examined, with millimeter-wave radiation generated by a two-dimensional array of sources;

disposing a two-dimensional array of detectors sensitive to millimeter-wave radiation in a position such that radiation reflected from objects or persons in the field of view is incident thereon, each of said detectors providing an output signal responsive to said radiation reflected from objects or persons in a corresponding portion of the field of view;

providing a local oscillator signal to the array of detectors, which detectors individually mix the local oscillator signal with the radiation received from the corresponding portion of the field of view; and

forming an essentially real time image of the objects or persons within said field of view, responsive to illumination radiation reflected therefrom detected by the elements of the array,

wherein the pixels of the image represent the radiation detected by the elements from the corresponding portions of the field of view.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the array of sources provides a substantially incoherent illumination of the filed of the view.

30. The method of claim 28 further comprising the step of dividing the energy output of each of the sources into unequal parts, a minor part, which is used as the local oscillator signal and a major part which is used for illuminating the field of view.

31. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the radiation emitted by sources of radiation is linearly polarized in a first plane and the detectors of the array are preferentially sensitive to radiation linearly polarized in a second plane.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the first plane is orthogonal to the second plane.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein the first plane is parallel to the second plane.

34. The method of claim 33 further comprising the step of varying the relative orientation of the first and second planes responsive to the nature of the contraband to be detected.