Time-multiplexed phased-array antenna beam switching system

• US 5,231,405 A
• Filed: 01/27/1992
• Issued: 07/27/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 01/27/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: General Electric Company
• Inventors: Riza, Nabeel A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tarcza, Thomas H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Finnan, Patrick J.
• Application Number:
  US07/826,501
• Time in Patent Office: 547 Days
• Field of Search: 342/54, 342/157, 342/158, 342/81, 342/96, 342/374, 342/375, 359/135, 359/138, 359/152
• US Class Current: 342/375
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/2676 Optically controlled phased array

Abstract

An optical control system for a phased-array antenna system employs a time-multiplexed optical control architecture to provide very fast (a few hundred beams per second) antenna beam scanning using slow (milliseconds) response spatial light modulators in two optical signal processing channels. In each channel a cascade of relatively slow switching speed nematic liquid crystal cell spatial light modulators and associated free space delay units or fiber optic delay cables are disposed to receive transmit or receive optical input signals comprising a plurality of light beams. The control voltages applied to the spatial light modulators determine the paths of the light beams through the cascade and the differential time delay imparted to the light beams in the input optical signal. High speed 90° polarization rotators control the polarization of the transmit and receive optical input signals and the polarization of optical signals passing from the cascade, allowing for selecting the active channel and the transmit or receive mode of the active channel, thus enabling sequential rapid beam scans of the radar with a relatively short dead time between respective transmit/receive sequences. The spatial light modulators in the non-active channel are reconfigured during the dwell time of the active channel to set up for the next transmit/receive sequence.

Claims

1. A time multiplexed opto-electronic signal control system for processing an optical input signal having a predetermined polarization, comprising:

an opto-electronic signal processing system comprising at least a first and a second signal processing channel, said first and second channel each being adapted to selectively receive said optical input signal and generate a respective channel optical output signal, each of said channels further comprising a plurality of relatively slow speed optical processing devices sequentially coupled together, each of said optical processing devices being adapted to be individually selectively controlled to cumulatively generate respective time-delayed channel optical output signals from each channel; and

time multiplexing means for rapidly switching between respective ones of said signal processing channels to select an active channel to produce a control system output signal comprising sequential ones of active channel output signals and having a relatively short dead time between said sequential active channel output signals;

each of said plurality of relatively slow speed optical processing devices in the non-active channel being adapted to be controlled independently of and concurrently with the operation of said optical processing devices in said active channel to establish an optical configuration to process the next sequential system output signal.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein each said relatively slow speed optical processing devices comprises a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein each channel of said opto-electronic processing system comprises a cascade of optical processing devices, each of said cascades comprising a plurality of said spatial light modulators optically coupled to an associated optical signal time delay device.

4. The system of claim 3 wherein said optical signal time delay device comprises a device selected from the group comprising a free space delay unit and an optical fiber delay unit.

5. The system of claim 4 wherein said time multiplexing means comprises a plurality of fast switching 90°

polarization rotators.

6. The system of claim 5 wherein said fast switching 90°

polarization rotators each comprise an electro-optic device selected from the group comprising Pockels cells, Kerr cells, and ferroelectric liquid crystal polarization rotators.

7. The system of claim 5 wherein said opto-electronic signal processing system further comprises:

a channel input polarizing beam splitter,

a channel output polarizing beam splitter, and

a signal output path polarizing beam splitter,

said channel input polarizing beam splitter being disposed to receive the selected optical input signal from either of two separate input light paths and to cause said optical input signal to be directed into a predetermined one of said channels, said channel output polarizing beam splitter being coupled to receive said selected time-delayed channel optical output signals from each of said channels, and said output path polarizing beam splitter being disposed to receive said channel output single from said channel output polarizing beam splitter.

8. The system of claim 7 wherein said plurality of channel selection fast switching 90°

polarization rotators comprises;

a transmit beam polarization rotator and a return beam polarization rotator each optically coupled to said channel input beam polarizing beam splitter along respective ones of said input light paths, each of said polarization rotators being individually controllable to rotate the polarization of light beams passing therethrough so as to direct said light beams to a selected one of said signal processing channels;

a cascade input path fast switching 90°

polarization rotator coupled to said channel input polarizing beam splitter so that light beams emerging from said channel input polarizing beam splitter pass therethrough; and

a cascade output path fast switching 90°

polarization rotator coupled to said channel output polarizing beam splitter so that light beams pass therethrough prior to entering said signal output path polarizing beam splitter;

said cascade input and cascade output path polarization rotators being selectively controllable to rotate the polarization of said light beams passing therethrough so as to determine the signal output path to which said light beams are deflected in said signal output path polarizing beam splitter.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein said channel input and channel output polarizing beam splitters each further comprise an associated totally internally reflecting corner prism coupled thereto, said corner prisms being disposed so as to deflect light beams of a selected polarization into a predetermined one of said channels.

10. A phased array antenna system comprising:

a plurality of antenna elements arranged in an array, said array being operable in a transmit or a receive mode;

an optical signal processing system coupled to said array and having a plurality of input and output signal paths corresponding to respective transmit and receive sequences of said array, said system being adapted to generate differentially time-delayed optical control signals to control output beam radiation patterns transmitted from said array and to optically process return radiation patterns detected by said array in each of said transmit and receive sequences, said system comprising at least a first and a second signal processing channel each comprising a plurality of relatively slow speed optical processing devices, each of said optical processing devices being adapted to be individually selectively controlled to cumulatively generate a respective channel optical output signal;

a modulated laser source optically coupled to said signal processing system to provide an optical input transmit signal having selected characteristics of wavelength, intensity, and modulation, said laser source including means for dividing said optical input transmit signal into a plurality of transmit light beams;

an optoelectronic transceiver array to convert the transmit optical control signals into electric array control signals and to convert electrical signals generated by the antenna array in response to return radiation patterns into optical input receive signals comprising a plurality of receive light beams; and

time multiplexing means for rapidly switching between said signal processing channels to provide rapid shifting between a transmit and receive sequence of one of said channels and a transmit and receive sequence of the other of said channels with a relatively short dead time therebetween, said slow speed optical processing devices each being adapted to be individually selectively controlled to configure a respective channel to generate a predetermined transmit and receive sequence control signal during the transmit and receive sequence of the other respective channel.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein each of said optical signal processing channels further comprises:

a cascade of optical processing devices, each of said cascades comprising a plurality of spatial light modulators each coupled to an associated optical signal time delay device.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein said optical signal time delay device comprises a device selected from the group comprising a free space delay unit and an optical fiber delay unit.

13. The system of claim 12 wherein each of said spatial light modulators comprises a nematic liquid crystal.

14. The system of claim 12 wherein said optical signal processing system further comprises:

a channel input polarizing beam splitter having an associated totally internally reflecting corner prism and being coupled to each of said respective cascades and disposed to receive said input transmit and receive light beams so that said light beams pass to predetermined ones of said channels dependent on the polarization of said light beams;

a channel output polarizing beam splitter having an associated totally internally reflecting corner prism and optically coupled to receive said light beams passing from said respective cascades; and

a signal output path polarizing beam splitter being disposed to receive said light beams passing from said optical processing channels and to direct said light beams along respective ones of said output paths dependent on the polarization of said light beams.

15. The system of claim 14 wherein said time multiplexing means comprises a plurality of fast switching polarization rotators disposed to selectively control the polarization of said light beams passing through said optical processing system.

16. The system of claim 15 wherein said fast switching polarization rotators each comprises an electro-optic device selected from the group comprising Pockels cells, Kerr cells, and ferroelectric liquid crystal polarization rotators.

17. The system of claim 15 wherein each of said polarization rotators is of a type that exhibits a switching time less than 10 nanoseconds.

18. The system of claim 15 further comprising:

a transmit beam fast switching polarization rotator coupled to said channel input polarizing beam splitter and disposed so that said transmit light beams pass therethrough prior to said transmit light beams entering said channel input polarizing beam splitter;

a return beam fast switching polarization rotator coupled to said channel input polarizing beam splitter and disposed so that said receive light beams pass therethrough prior to said receive light beams entering said channel input polarizing beam splitter;

a cascade input fast switching polarization rotator coupled to said channel input polarizing beam splitter and disposed so that light beams passing from said input polarizing beam splitter in respective ones of said channels pass therethrough; and

a cascade output path fast switching polarization rotator coupled to said channel output polarizing beam splitter;

said cascade input and output path fast switching polarization rotators being controllable to determine the polarization of said light beams passing therethrough so that said beams are selectively directed in said signal output path polarizing beam splitter to a predetermined output path.

19. The system of claim 18 wherein said optoelectronic transceiver array comprises a photosensor detector assembly and an array of laser diodes.

20. The system of claim 19 wherein said modulated laser source comprises a semiconductor laser and means electrically coupled to said laser for direct linear modulation of said laser.

21. The system of claim 20 further comprising a phase shifter coupled to said optoelectronic transceiver array and said antenna array so that said electric array control signals and said electrical signals generated by the antenna array in response to return radiation patterns pass therethrough.

22. In a radar system, the system of claim 18 further comprising an array control computer coupled to said optical control system, said laser source, and said antenna array to control operation of said phased array antenna system in said transmit and said receive modes.

23. The radar system of claim 22 further comprising a post-processing display and analysis system.

24. A method of processing optical signals to control a phased array antenna having a plurality of antenna elements, comprising the steps of:

causing said phased array antenna to emit and receive electromagnetic radiation along a selected beam path in a predetermined transmit and receive sequence having a selected dwell time; and

time multiplexing the operation of an antenna array control system having at least two signal processing channels to switch rapidly between said channels to select respective transmit and receive sequences to drive said phased array antenna to produce relatively short dead times between the dwell times of the respective transmit and receive sequences;

wherein the step of time multiplexing the operation further comprises configuring a plurality of channel optical signal processing devices in the non-driving signal processing channel during the dwell time of the driving channel.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein:

the step of causing said antenna to emit further comprises the step of optically processing a plurality of selectively time-delayed transmit signals to control the generation of electromagnetic signals emitted from respective ones of said antenna elements; and

the step of causing said antenna to receive further comprises the step of optically processing detected return signals to produce a receive signal for input to a post processing display and analysis system.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein said transmit and detected return signals are in the form of light beams and the steps of optically processing said transmit and detected return signals in each of said signal processing channels further comprise:

respectively directing the light beams comprising said transmit and detected return signal through a cascade of spatial light modulators and associated free space delay units so as to selectively differentially delay each of said light beams, each of said spatial light modulators being individually controllable to produce the selected differential delay of each light beam passing through said cascade.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the step of time multiplexing the operation of said antenna control system further comprises the steps of:

alternately switching the optical input signal for a selected one of said optical processing channels between a laser source and a return beam photoconverter and correspondingly switching the optical output signal of said selected one processing channel between a transmit beam photoconverter and a display and analysis system photoconverter so as to generate a first channel transmit and receive sequence;

alternately switching the optical input signal for a selected second of said optical processing channels between a laser source and a return beam photoconverter and correspondingly switching the optical output signal of said selected second processing channel between a transmit beam photoconverter and a display and analysis system photoconverter so as to generate a second channel transmit and receive sequence; and

rapidly switching between said first and said second signal processing channels in an alternating succession to select an active channel driving said antenna array control system during a dwell time for a predetermined transmit and receive sequence; and

adjusting the control voltages of the non-driving signal processing channel spatial light modulators during the dwell time of the active channel.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the step of rapidly switching between said first and second signal processing channels comprises the steps of selectively controlling a plurality of fast switching polarization rotators disposed in the path of said transmit and detected return signals.