Method and apparatus for electromagnetic non-contact position measurement with respect to one or more axes

• US 5,247,261 A
• Filed: 10/09/1991
• Issued: 09/21/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 10/09/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Gershenfeld, Neil A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Strecker, Gerard R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): DO, DIEP N
• Application Number:
  US07/773,848
• Time in Patent Office: 713 Days
• Field of Search: 324/649, 324/650, 324/660, 324/662, 324/683, 324/686, 324/687, 324/690, 324/699, 324/716, 324/709, 324/724, 340/870.37, 340/870.38, 84/733, 84/734, 84/735, 84/737, 84/742, 178/18, 178/19
• US Class Current: 324/716
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 7/004 for measuring coordinates of points
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2203/04101 2.5D-digitiser, i.e. digitiser detecting the X/Y position of the input means, finger or stylus, also when it does not touch, but is proximate to the digitiser's interaction surface and also measures the distance of the input means within a short range in the Z direction, possibly with a separate measurement setup
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0346 with detection of the device orientation or free movement in a 3D space, e.g. 3D mice, 6-DOF [six degrees of freedom] pointers using gyroscopes, accelerometers or tilt-sensors
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/038 Control and interface arrangements therefor, e.g. drivers or device-embedded control circuitry
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/044 by capacitive means
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 30/228 of three-dimensional handwriting, e.g. writing in the air
• CPC Class Codes: G10H 1/00 Details of electrophonic musical instruments
• CPC Class Codes: G10H 2220/365 Bow control in general, i.e. sensors or transducers on a bow; Input interface or controlling process for emulating a bow, bowing action or generating bowing parameters, e.g. for appropriately controlling a specialised sound synthesiser

Abstract

A preferred embodiment of the invention is an apparatus for measuring the position of a point with respect to at least one axis. The apparatus includes a reference electrode located at the reference point and at least one axial electrode fixed along the at least one axis. The axial electrode has a signal transmission property, such as resistivity, as measured between a first end and a point along the axis, which signal transmission property varies with the location of the point of measurement. The axial electrode is coupled to the reference electrode, typically capacitively. The apparatus also includes means for applying an electric signal to the reference electrode; means for measuring an output electric signal at the first end of the at least one axial electrode; and means for evaluating the relation between the output electric signal and the input electric signal to determine the position of the reference point relative to the axis. The invention also includes method of using the apparatus to determine the location of the reference point to the axis. The invention includes embodiments of one and more axes.

Claims

1. An apparatus for determining the position of a reference point with respect to at least one axis, said reference point and said at least one axis being movable relative to each other, said apparatus comprising:

a. a reference electrode located at the reference point;

b. at least one elongated antenna movable along said at least one axis, said elongated antenna;

i. having a signal transmission property as measured between a first end of said elongated antenna and a variable measurement point along said axis, which signal transmission property varies with the location of the measurement point; and

ii. capable of being electromagnetically coupled to said reference electrode;

c. means for applying an input electric signal to said reference electrode to generate an electromagnetic field to be picked up by said elongated antenna;

d. means for measuring an output electric signal at said first end of said at least one elongated antenna due to the detection of said field; and

e. means for evaluating the relation between said output electric signal and said input electric signal to determine;

i. the distance from said reference point relative to said axis along a line perpendicular to said axis; and

ii. the distance from said first end of said elongated antenna to the intersection of said perpendicular line and said axis.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, said at least one elongated antenna comprising a first and at least a second elongated antenna fixed along a second axis at a known orientation with respect to said first elongated antenna, said second elongated antenna:

a. having a signal transmission property as measured between a first end of said second elongated antenna and a variable measurement point along said second axis, which signal transmission property varies with the location of the measurement point; and

b. capable of being electromagnetically coupled to said reference antenna.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, said means for measuring an output signal at said first end of said at least one elongated antenna comprising means for measuring an output signal at said first end of both of said elongated antennae.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, said means for evaluating the relation between said output electric signal from said at least one elongated antenna comprising means for evaluating the relation between said output electric signals at both of said elongated antennae and said input electric signal to determine the position of said reference point with respect to said first and at least second elongated antennae.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, said signal transmission property of said at least one elongated antenna being electrical resistance.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, said at least one elongated antenna having a resistivity that varies at different positions along the length of said antenna.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, said coupling between said reference electrode and said at least one elongated antenna being capacitive.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, said at least one elongated antenna having a uniform cross-sectional area along its length.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, said at least one elongated antenna having an aspect ratio of at least 25 to 1.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, said at least one elongated antenna comprising an arcuate shaped antenna.

11. The apparatus of claim 2, said at least one elongated antenna comprising a third elongated antenna movable along a third axis at a known orientation with respect to said first elongated antenna, said third elongated antenna:

a. having a signal transmission property as measured between a first end of said third elongated antenna and a variable measurement point along said third axis, which signal transmission property varies with the location of the measurement point; and

b. capable of being electromagnetically coupled to said reference antenna.

12. A method for determining the position of a reference point with respect to at least one axis, said reference point and said at least one axis being movable relative to each other, said method comprising the steps of:

a. providing;

i. a reference electrode located at the reference point;

ii. at least one elongated antenna movable along said at least one axis, said elongated antenna;

(a). having a signal transmission property as measured between a first end of said elongated antenna and a variable measurement point along said axis, which signal transmission property varies with the location of the measurement point; and

(b). capable of being electromagnetically coupled to said reference electrode;

b. applying an input electric signal to said reference electrode to generate an electromagnetic field to be picked up by said elongated antenna;

c. measuring an output electric signal at said first end of said at least one elongated antenna due to the detection of said field and

d. evaluating the relation between said output electric signal and said input electric signal to determine;

i. the distance from said reference point relative to said axis along a line perpendicular to said axis; and

ii. the distance from said first end of said elongated antenna to the intersection of said perpendicular line and said axis.

13. The method of claim 12, said step of evaluating the relation between said output signal and said input signal comprising the steps of:

a. analyzing a first circuit including a first output signal present at said first end of said elongated antenna to generate an equation in two unknowns related to the radial distance of the reference point from the elongated antenna and the axial distance of the reference point along the elongated antenna from a rest location;

b. analyzing a second circuit including a second output signal present at the second end of said elongated antenna to generate a second different equation in said two unknowns; and

c. solving said two equations for said two unknowns.

14. The method of claim 12, said step of evaluating the relation between said output signal and said input signal comprising the steps of:

a. analyzing a first circuit including a first output signal present at said first end of said elongated antenna, said first output signal related to the radial distance of the reference point from the elongated antenna and the axial distance of the reference point along the elongated antenna from a rest location;

b. analyzing a second circuit including a second output signal present at the second end of said elongated antenna, said second output signal related to the radial distance of the reference point from the elongated antenna and the axial distance of the reference point along the elongated antenna from a rest location;

c. generating a pair of functions, the first of said pair of functions relating the radial distance of said reference point from said axis to said first and second output signals present at said first and second ends of said elongated antenna, the second of said pair of functions relating the axial distance of said reference point from said rest location to said first and second output signals present at said first and second ends of said elongated antenna; and

d. applying said functions to said first and second output signals at said first and second ends of said elongated antenna to determine the radial distance of the reference point from said elongated antenna and the axial distance of the reference point along said elongated antenna from said rest location.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said step of generating a pair of functions comprises the steps of:

a. for a wide variety of axial distances of said reference point along said elongated antenna from said rest location, measuring said first and second output signals present at said first and second ends of said elongated antenna and fitting a first function to said measured first and second output signal values; and

b. for a wide variety of radial distances of said reference point from said elongated antenna, measuring said first and second output signals present at said first and second ends of said elongated antenna and fitting a second function to said measured first and second output signal values.

16. The method of claim 12, said step of evaluating the relation between said output electric signal and said input electric signal comprises the steps of:

a. determining the capacitance between said reference electrode and said elongated antenna; and

b. from said capacitance, determining the distance from said reference point relative to said axis along a line perpendicular to said axis.