Three dimensional interferometric synthetic aperture radar terrain mapping with unambiguous phase unwrapping employing subset bandwidth processing

• US 5,260,708 A
• Filed: 04/13/1992
• Issued: 11/09/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 04/13/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Environmental Research Institute Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
• Inventors: Auterman, James L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tubbesing, T. H.
• Application Number:
  US07/867,341
• Time in Patent Office: 575 Days
• Field of Search: 342/25, 342/59, 342/191
• US Class Current: 342/25.00C
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9011 with frequency domain processing of the SAR signals in azimuth G01S13/9005 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9023 combined with interferometric techniques

Abstract

Synthetic aperture radar data is used to produce a terrain map. Two synthetic radar antennas are placed on an aircraft, which moves in a set of substantially parallel flight paths. At least one antenna repeatedly transmits radar signals whose return echoes are received by both the antennas. The echo signals are processed conventionally to yield slant range and Doppler frequency data for plural resolution cells. The measured phase difference for each resolution cell provides an ambiguous measure of slant range difference to the two antennas needed to determine terrain elevation and correct ground range. As in the prior art, the radar transmissions employ an extended bandwidth of wavelengths. The received echo data is reprocessed using less than the entire bandwidth of the radar transmission to achieve additional center wavelengths. This produces a differing ambiguity interval and permits unambiguous determination of the slant range difference.

Claims

1. A method of terrain mapping employing a platform including first and second antennas, the first and second antennas each having a predetermined field of view and together forming an interferometer baseline, said method comprising the steps of:

moving the platform substantially perpendicular to the interferometer baseline along a set of substantially parallel platform paths;

for each such platform path

repeatedly detecting the position of the moving platform,

repeatedly transmitting a radar signal having a predetermined bandwidth via at least one of the first and second antennas,

receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second antennas,

forming first synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of said predetermined bandwidth received by the first antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

forming second synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of said predetermined bandwidth received by the second antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

determining a first phase difference between said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell;

forming third synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of a first subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by the first antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

forming fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of said first subset said predetermined bandwidth received by the second antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

determining a second phase difference between said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell;

resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference employing said second phase difference thereby forming a circular ambiguity resolved phase difference; and

computing the elevation and ground range for each resolution cell within a selected one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data for each of said set of platform paths employing the detected position of the moving platform and said circular ambiguity resolved phase difference between said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data for that platform path.

2. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said steps of forming third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data wherein said first subset of said predetermined bandwidth is one-half of said predetermined bandwidth.

3. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:

for each platform path

forming fifth synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of a second subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by the first antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals, said second subset of said predetermined bandwidth differing from said first subset of said predetermined bandwidth;

forming sixth synthetic aperture complex image data for a plurality of resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from radar reflections of said second subset said predetermined bandwidth received by the second antenna employing plural transmitted radiant signals;

determining a third phase difference between said fifth and sixth synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell;

said step of resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference further employs said third phase difference.

4. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 3, wherein:

said first and second subsets of said predetermined bandwidth are complementary.

5. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 3, wherein:

said first and second subsets of said predetermined bandwidth are differing halves of said predetermined bandwidth.

6. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 5, wherein:

said first subset of said predetermined bandwidth is a lower half of said predetermined bandwidth; and

said second subset of said predetermined bandwidth is an upper half of said predetermined bandwidth.

7. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:

for each platform path

averaging the phase difference between said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell, thereby producing a small region averaged second phase difference signal for each resolution cell; and

said step of resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference employs said small region averaged second phase difference.

8. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 7, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of averaging the phase difference between said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell includes averaging the phase difference over a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on said resolution cell.

9. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 7, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of averaging the phase difference between said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell includes correcting said phase difference for each resolution cell for differences in slant range to a nominal ground plane having the elevation of said resolution cell.

10. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:

recording said repeatedly detected position of the moving platform, said radar reflections received by the first antenna and said radar reflections received by the second antenna on a multichannel recorder; and

said steps of forming said first, second, third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data, determining said first and second phase differences, resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference and computing the elevation and ground range for each resolution cell within said selected one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data occur remotely from the moving platform using said recording.

11. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of determining the phase difference between said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell includes

forming the complex conjugate of one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell,

multiplying said complex conjugate of said one of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the other of said first and second synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a product signal for each resolution cell,

determining the phase angle of said product signal for each resolution cell.

12. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of determining the phase difference between said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data for each resolution cell includes

forming the complex conjugate of one of said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell,

multiplying said complex conjugate of said one of said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell by the other of said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a product signal for each resolution cell,

determining the phase angle of said product signal for each resolution cell.

13. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

performing a three dimensional ground survey for a plurality of survey points within the terrain imaged;

identifying said resolution cells corresponding to each of said plurality of survey points; and

conforming said corrected elevation and ground range for each resolution cell whereby said corrected elevation and ground range for each resolution cell identified as corresponding to one of said plurality of survey points corresponds to said three dimensional survey of that survey point.

14. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 13, wherein:

said step of identifying said resolution cells corresponding to each of said plurality of survey points includes disposing a radar corner reflector at each of said plurality of survey points.

15. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal via at least one of the first and second antennas consists of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal via the first antenna;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second antennas consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via both the first and second antennas.

16. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal via at least one of the first and second antennas consists of alternately transmitting a radar signal via the first antenna and then via the second antenna;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second antennas consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the transmitting antenna.

17. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said step of repeatedly transmitting a radar signal via at least one of the first and second antennas consists of alternately transmitting a radar signal via the first antenna and then via the second antenna;

said step of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via the predetermined field of view of at least one of the first and second antennas consists of receiving reflections of each of said transmitted radar signals via both the first and second antennas.

18. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

for each platform path

said steps of forming said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data, determining said second phase difference and resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference are performed only at discrete intervals.

19. The method of terrain mapping as claimed in claim 18, wherein:

for each platform path

said intervals for performing said steps of forming said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image data, determining said second phase difference and resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference are selected in distance inversely proportional to the rate of change of terrain elevation with changes in ground location.

20. A terrain mapping apparatus used with a moving platform having an axis of motion, said apparatus comprising:

a position detector disposed on the moving platform for repeatedly detecting the position of the moving platform;

a first radar antenna disposed on the moving platform having a predetermined field of view off the axis of motion of the moving platform;

a second radar antenna disposed on the moving platform a predetermined distance from said first radar antenna having said predetermined field of view, said first and second radar antennas forming an interferometer baseline substantially perpendicular to the axis of motion;

a transmitter disposed on the moving platform and connected to at least one of said first and second antennas for repeatedly transmitting a radar signal having a predetermined bandwidth via said at least one of said first and second antennas;

a first complex image formation apparatus connected to said first antenna for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of said predetermined bandwidth received by said first antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals;

a second complex image formation apparatus connected to said second antenna for forming second synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of said predetermined bandwidth received by said second antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals;

a first phase detector connected to said first and second complex image formation apparatuses for determining the phase angle difference between said complex image data of said first and second complex image formation apparatuses for each resolution cell thereby producing a first phase difference signal;

a third complex image formation apparatus connected to said first antenna for forming third synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of a first subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by said first antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals;

a fourth complex image formation apparatus connected to said second antenna for forming second synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of said first subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by said second antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals;

a second phase detector connected to said third and fourth complex image formation apparatuses for determining the phase angle difference between said complex image data of said third and fourth complex image formation apparatuses for each resolution cell thereby producing a second phase difference signal;

a phase disambiguity circuit connected to said first and second phase detectors for resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference signal employing said second phase difference signal thereby forming a circular ambiguity resolved phase difference signal; and

a terrain map formation means connected to said position detector, said first complex image formation apparatus and said phase disambiguity circuit for computing the elevation and ground range for each resolution cell within said first synthetic aperture complex image data for each of said set of platform paths employing the detected position of the moving platform and said circular ambiguity resolved phase difference signal for each resolution cell.

21. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said third and forth complex image formation apparatus comprises apparatus for forming image data from reflections of a first bandwidth subset which is one-half of said predetermined bandwidth.

22. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:

a fifth complex image formation apparatus connected to said first antenna for forming fifth synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of a second subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by said first antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals, said second subset of said predetermined bandwidth differing from said first subset of said predetermined bandwidth;

a sixth complex image formation apparatus connected to said second antenna for forming sixth synthetic aperture complex image data for plural resolution cells in slant range and Doppler frequency from reflections of said second subset of said predetermined bandwidth received by said second antenna employing plural transmitted radar signals;

a third phase detector connected to said fifth and sixth complex image formation apparatuses for determining the phase angle difference between said complex image data of said fifth and sixth complex image formation apparatuses for each resolution cell thereby producing a third phase difference signal;

said phase disambiguity circuit being further connected to said third phase detector for resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference signal employing said second and third phase difference signals.

23. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein:

said third and forth complex image formation apparatus comprise apparatus for forming image data from reflections of complementary first and second bandwidth subsets of said predetermined bandwidth.

24. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein:

said third and forth complex image formation apparatus comprise apparatus for forming image data from reflections of first and second bandwidth subsets which are differing halves of said predetermined bandwidth.

25. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 24, wherein:

said third and forth complex image formation apparatus comprises apparatus for forming image data from reflections of a first bandwidth subset which is a lower half of said predetermined bandwidth and from a second bandwidth subset which is an upper half of said predetermined bandwidth.

26. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:

an averager connected to said second phase detector for averaging said second phase difference signal over a small region of resolution cells surrounding each resolution cell, thereby producing a small region averaged second phase difference signal for each resolution cell; and

said phase disambiguity circuit is connected to said averager for resolving circular ambiguities in said first phase difference employing said small region averaged second phase difference signal.

27. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said averager comprises apparatus for averaging said second phase difference signals over a three by three matrix of resolution cells centered on each resolution cell.

28. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said averager further comprises apparatus for correcting said second phase difference signal for each resolution cell for differences in slant range to a nominal ground plane having the elevation of said resolution cell.

29. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:

a multichannel recorder disposed on the moving platform and connected to said position detector, and said first and second antennas for recording said repeatedly detected position of the moving platform, and said reflections of said predetermined bandwidth received by said first and second antennas;

wherein said first, second, third and fourth complex image formation apparatuses are connected to said multichannel recorder, and said first, second, third and fourth complex image formation apparatuses, said first and second phase detectors, said phase disambiguity circuit and said terrain map formation means are disposed remotely from the moving platform.

30. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:

a transmit/receive switch connected to said first antenna, said transmitter and said first complex image formation apparatus for alternately coupling said transmitter to said first antenna for transmitting a radar pulse and coupling said first complex image formation apparatus to said first antenna for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said first antenna.

31. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:

an antenna selection switch having an input connected to said transmitter and first and second outputs for alternately connecting said transmitter to said first and second outputs;

a first transmit/receive switch connected to said first antenna, said first complex image formation apparatus and said antenna selection switch for alternately coupling said antenna selection switch to said first antenna for transmitting a radar pulse and coupling said first complex image formation apparatus to said first antenna for forming first synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said first antenna; and

a second transmit/receive switch connected to said second antenna, said second complex image formation apparatus and said antenna selection switch for alternately coupling said antenna selection switch to said second antenna for transmitting a radar pulse and coupling said second complex image formation apparatus to said second antenna for forming second synthetic aperture complex image data from reflections received by said second antenna.

32. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said first phase detector includes

a complex conjugate means connected to a selected one of said first and second complex image formation apparatus for forming a complex conjugate signal of said synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell,

a product means connected to the other of said selected one of said first and second complex image formation apparatus and said complex conjugate means for multiplying said complex conjugate signal of each resolution cell by said synthetic aperture complex image data of the other of said selected one of said first and second complex image formation apparatus of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a product signal for each resolution cell, and

a product phase detector connected to said product means for determining the phase angle of said product signal for each resolution cell.

33. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said second phase detector includes

a complex conjugate means connected to said a selected one of said third and fourth complex image formation apparatus for forming a complex conjugate signal of said synthetic aperture complex image data of each resolution cell,

a product means connected to the other of said selected one of said third and fourth complex image formation apparatus and said complex conjugate means for multiplying said complex conjugate signal of each resolution cell by said synthetic aperture complex image data of the other of said selected one of said third and fourth complex image formation apparatus of the corresponding resolution cell, thereby forming a product signal for each resolution cell, and

a product phase detector connected to said product means for determining the phase angle of said product signal for each resolution cell.

34. The terrain mapping apparatus as claimed in claim 20, wherein:

said third and fourth synthetic aperture complex image forming apparatuses, said second phase detector and said phase disambiguity circuit comprises apparatus for operating only at discrete intervals.