Dual detector lidar system and method

• US 5,270,780 A
• Filed: 09/13/1991
• Issued: 12/14/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 09/13/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Science Applications International Corporation
• Original Assignee: Science Applications International Corporation
• Inventors: Moran, Steven E., Odeen, P. Erik, Ginaven, Robert O.
• Primary Examiner(s): Buczinski, Stephen C.
• Application Number:
  US07/759,566
• Time in Patent Office: 823 Days
• Field of Search: 356/5, 358/95, 313/373
• US Class Current: 356/5.04
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/18 wherein range gates are used
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/89 for mapping or imaging

Abstract

A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system uses dual detectors to provide three-dimensional imaging of underwater objects (or other objects hidden by a partially transmissive medium). One of the detectors is a low resolution, high bandwidth detector. The other is a high resolution, narrow bandwidth detector. An initial laser pulse is transmitted to known x-y coordinates of a target area. The photo signals returned from the target area from this initial pulse are directed to the low resolution, high bandwidth detector, where a preliminary determination as to the location (depth, or z coordinate) of an object in the target area is made based on the time-of-receipt of the return photo signal. A second laser pulse is then transmitted to the target area and the return photo signals from such second laser pulse are directed to the high resolution, narrow bandwidth detector. This high resolution detector is gated on at a time so that only photo signals returned from a narrow "slice" of the target area (corresponding to the previously detected depth of the object) are received. An image of the detected object is then reconstructed from the signals generated by the high resolution detector. In a preferred embodiment, the two detectors are housed in a single digicon tube, with magnetic deflection being used to steer the beam to the appropriate detector.

Claims

1. A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) method for remotely detecting and identifying the location of an object in a target area comprising:

(a) transmitting a first pulse of laser energy at known coordinates in the target area from a location spaced from the target area;

(b) receiving with a receiver a first return pulse of laser energy comprising a reflection of the first pulse from an object within the target area and forming a first return signal therefrom;

(c) directing the first return signal to a low resolution detector to develop a first output signal representative of the first return pulse and including an object signature for the object within the target area;

(d) processing the first output signal to measure the time at which the object signature is observed in the first output signal relative to the time at which said first pulse is transmitted, whereby a round-trip signal transmission time is determined, said round-trip signal transmission time providing a measure of the depth of said object within the target area;

(e) transmitting a second pulse of laser energy at the same coordinates of the target area as was the first pulse of laser energy;

(f) receiving with the receiver a second return pulse of laser energy after waiting said round-trip signal transmission time from the transmission of said second pulse, whereby said second return pulse contains primarily laser energy reflected from said object, and forming a second return signal therefrom;

(g) directing the second return signal to a high resolution detector to develop a second output signal representative of the second return signal; and

(h) electronically processing the second return pulse to form an image of the detected object.

2. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the step of receiving the first return pulse includes passing the first return pulse through an optical filter that allows only a specified wavelength to pass therethrough, said first pulse of laser energy being of said specified wavelength, whereby background radiation having wavelengths other than said specified wavelength is removed from the detection of the first return pulse.

3. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the steps of receiving the first and second return pulses includes:

receiving and respectively directing the first and second return pulses to a digicon detector; and

electronically producing electrical signals representative of the respective return pulse and comprising the first and second output signals.

4. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 3 wherein producing the electrical signals in said digicon detector comprises:

directing the first or second return pulse to a photocathode,

converting the receiving pulse to an electron beam at the photocathode and comprising one of the return signals,

electrostatically accelerating said electron beam and focusing and steering the accelerated electron beam to an anode detector, and

extracting an electrical signal comprising one of the output signals from said anode detector representative of the electron beam striking said anode detector, and hence representative of the received pulse.

5. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 4 further including directing the first and second return pulses to a single digicon detector, said single digicon detector including two anode detectors, a first anode detector comprising the low resolution detector, and a second anode detector comprising the high resolution detector, and means for magnetically steering said electron beam to either said first or second anode detector;

and wherein said LIDAR method further includes magnetically steering said electron beam to said first anode detector when detecting said first return pulse, and steering said electron beam to said second anode detector when detecting said second return pulse.

6. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 5 wherein said high resolution detector includes an array of a large number of pixels, each pixel generating a pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the electron beam that strikes that particular pixel, and wherein the step of electronically processing the second output signal to form the image of said detected object includes examining the pixel output signal from all of said pixels.

7. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 5 wherein said low resolution detector includes at least one pixel, said at least one pixel generating a pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the electron beam that strikes said at least one pixel, and wherein the step of measuring the time at which the object signature is observed comprises noting the time at which an output object signal is generated by said at least one pixel relative to the time at which said first pulse was transmitted.

8. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 5 wherein said single digicon detector further includes means for selectively blocking the electron beam intermediate said photocathode and said anode detectors, and wherein said LIDAR method further includes blocking the electron beam after the transmission of said second laser pulse for all but a short time period that begins after said round-trip signal transmission time.

9. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 4 further including selectively changing the focusing of said electron beam, the changing of said focus causing the image of the detected object to electronically zoom in or zoom out.

10. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 4 further including optically steering said first return pulse to a first digicon detector and said second return pulse to a second digicon detector, the anode detector of said first digicon detector comprising the low resolution detector, and the anode detector of said second digicon detector comprising the high resolution detector.

11. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 10 wherein said low resolution detector used in said first digicon detector includes at least one pixel, said at least one pixel generating a pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the electron beam that strikes said at least one pixel, and wherein the step of measuring the time at which the object signature is observed comprises noting the time at which an output object signal is generated by said at least one pixel relative to the time at which said first pulse was transmitted.

12. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 10 wherein said high resolution detector used in said second digicon detector includes an array of a large number of pixels, each pixel generating a pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the electron beam that strikes that particular pixel, and wherein the step of electronically processing the second output signal to form the image of said detected object includes examining the pixel output signal from all of said pixels.

13. The LIDAR method as set forth in claim 12 wherein said second digicon detector further includes means for selectively blocking the electron beam intermediate said photocathode and said anode detector, and wherein said LIDAR method further includes blocking the electron beam after the transmission of said second pulse for all but a short time period that begins after said round-trip signal transmission time.

14. A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system for remotely detecting and identifying the location of an object in a target area comprising:

(a) transmitter means for transmitting a first pulse of laser energy at known coordinates in the target area from a location above the target area and for transmitting a second pulse of laser energy at the same coordinates of the target area as was the first pulse of laser energy;

(b) receiver means for (i) receiving a first return pulse of laser energy comprising a reflection of the first pulse from an object within the target area and (ii) for receiving a second return pulse of laser energy during a window of time following the transmission of the second laser pulse, whereby the second return pulse contains laser energy from the second pulse reflected primarily from said object;

(c) high bandwidth, low resolution signal detection means;

(d) high resolution signal detection means;

(e) means for forming first and second return signals from and representative of the first and second return pulses;

(f) return signal control means for directing the first return signal to the high bwadwidth, low resolution detector means to develop a first output signal representative of the first return pulse and for directing the second return signal to the high resolution detector means to develop a second output signal representative of the second return pulse;

(g) timing and control means responsive to the first output signal for (i) measuring the time at which an object signature is present in said first return pulse relative to the time at which said first pulse is transmitted, whereby a round-trip signal transmission time is determined, said round-trip signal transmission time providing a measure of the depth of said object within the target area and (ii) generating a gate signal for opening the receiver means during the window of time including the round-trip signal transmission time after the second pulse is transmitted;

(h) means for electronically processing the second output signal to form an image of the detected object.

15. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 14 wherein said receiver means includes optical means for directing said first return pulse to a first detector comprising the high bandwidth, low resolution detector, said optical means including an optical filter that allows only a specified wavelength to pass therethrough, said first pulse of laser energy being of said specified wavelength, whereby background radiation having wavelengths other than said specified wavelength is removed from the laser energy directed to the first detector.

16. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 15 wherein:

said receiver means includes means for detecting returned laser energy from at least one pixel of the target area at which the first pulse is directed, said first detector includes means for generating a pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the returned laser energy from said at least one pixel and comprising the first output signal, and wherein said timing and control means for measuring the time at which the first return pulse contains an object signature comprises timing means for determining the time at which an output signal is generated by said first detector relative to the time at which said first pulse was transmitted.

17. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 16 wherein said first detector comprises a first digicon detector, said first digicon detector having photocathode means for receiving the first return pulse and converting it to an electron beam comprising the first return signal, means for accelerating and focusing said electron beam to an anode detector, and means for extracting an electrical signal from said anode detector comprising the first output signal that is representative of the magnitude of the electron beam striking said anode detector, and hence representative of the first return pulse, in which manner said digicon detector electronically amplifies said first return pulse and provides an electrical output signal representative of the first return pulse.

18. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 17 wherein said anode detector of said first digicon detector comprises an n×

m diode array, where n and m are integers between one and 16, each diode in said diode array generating an output signal having a magnitude proportional to the magnitude of the electron beam striking said diode, said diode array having a resolution of n×

m pixels.

19. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 15 wherein said optical means directs said second return pulse to a second detector comprising the high resolution detector and said LIDAR system including gating means for blocking the presentation of said second return pulse to said second detector until after said round-trip signal transmission time has elapsed as measured from the time of transmission of said second pulse.

20. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 19 wherein:

said receiver means includes means for detecting returned laser energy from an array of a plurality of relatively small pixels of the target area at which the second pulse is directed, said second detector includes means for generating a respective small pixel output signal representative of the magnitude of the returned laser energy from each of said plurality of small pixels and comprising the second output signal, and wherein said means for electronically processing the second output signal to form an image of the detected object comprises means for examining all of said respective small pixel output signals.

21. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 20 wherein said second detector comprises a second digicon detector, said second digicon detector having photocathode means for receiving the second return pulse and converting it to an electron beam comprising the second return pulse, acceleration means for accelerating said electron beam and and focusing means for focusing the electron beam to an anode detector, and means for extracting an electrical signal from said anode detector comprising the second output signal that is representative of the magnitude of the electron beam striking said anode detector, and hence representative of the second return pulse, in which manner said digicon detector electronically amplifies said second return pulse and provides an electrical output signal representative of the second return pulse.

22. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 21 wherein said anode detector of said second digicon detector comprises a charge coupled device (CCD) array, the surface area of said CCD array being divided into an array of n×

m pixels, where n and m are integers greater than 16, each pixel of said CCD array providing an output signal having a magnitude proportional to the magnitude of the electron beam striking said pixel.

23. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 22 further including means for controlling the acceleration and focusing of said electron beam within said second digicon detector, whereby the image formed of the detected object can be zoomed in and out.

24. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 14 wherein items (c), (d) and (e) comprise a dual detector digicon, said dual detector digicon comprising:

an evacuated tube having a longitudinal axis;

photocathode means at one end of said evacuated tube for respectively receiving the first and second return pulses and converting them to an electron beam comprising the first and second return signals;

acceleration/focussing means for accelerating said electron beam along said longitudinal axis and selectively focusing it on one of two anode detectors, each positioned at the other end of said evacuated tube, a first anode detector comprising a low resolution detector having a high bandwidth adapted to receive an electron beam corresponding to said first return pulse, and a second anode detector comprising a high resolution detector having a low bandwidth adapted to receive an electron beam corresponding to said second return pulse; and

means for extracting respective electrical signals from said first and second anode detectors and comprising the first and second output signals that are representative of the magnitude of the electron beam striking the corresponding anode detector, and hence representative of the first or second return pulse, whereby said digicon detector electronically amplifies said first and second return pulses and provides respective first and second electrical output signals representative of said first and second return pulses.

25. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 24 wherein said first anode detector has a resolution of up to and including 16 by 16 pixels, and said second anode detector has a resolution of at least 16 by 16 pixels.

26. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 24 wherein said first anode detector comprises a diode array, and said second anode detector comprises a charge coupled device (CCD) array.

27. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 24 wherein said second anode detector is positioned on-line with said longitudinal axis, whereby a non-deflected electron beam accelerated along the longitudinal axis strikes said second anode detector.

28. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 27 wherein said first anode detector is positioned off-line with the longitudinal axis, whereby an electron beam accelerated along the longitudinal axis of said dual detector digicon must be deflected in order to strike said first anode detector.

29. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 28 wherein said beam acceleration/focussing means further includes magnetic deflection means for magnetically deflecting said electron beam off-line from said longitudinal axis, said magnetic deflection means being activated to deflect said electron beam whenever said first return pulse is to be detected, and said magnetic deflection means being turned off to allow said electron beam to travel without deflection whenever said second return pulse is to be detected.

30. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 29 wherein said beam acceleration/focussing means includes means for electrostatically accelerating said electron beam along the longitudinal axis of said dual detector digicon.

31. The LIDAR system as set forth in claim 30 wherein said means for electrostatically accelerating said electron beam includes a plurality of spaced apart conductive rings that surround said evacuated tube, and means for applying a voltage potential between selected ones of said plurality of spaced apart conductive rings.

32. A dual detector digicon, said dual detector digicon comprising:

an evacuated tube having a longitudinal axis;

photocathode means at one end of said evacuated tube for respectively receiving a return pulse of laser energy and converting it to an electron beam;

gating means behind said photocathode means for selectively gating said electron beam ON or OFF;

acceleration/focusing means for accelerating said electron beam along said longitudinal axis and selectively focusing it on one of two anode detectors, each positioned at the other end of said evacuated tube, a first anode detector comprising a low resolution detector having a high bandwidth adapted to receive an electron beam corresponding to a first return pulse, and a second anode detector comprising a high resolution detector having a narrow bandwidth adapted to receive a gated electron beam corresponding to a second return pulse; and

means for extracting respective electrical signals from said first and second anode detectors that are representative of the magnitude of the electron beam striking the corresponding anode detector, and hence representative of the first or second return pulse, whereby said digicon detector electronically amplifies said first and second return pulses and provides respective electrical output signals representative of said first and second return pulses.

33. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 32 wherein said first anode detector has a resolution of no more than 16 by 16 pixels, and said second anode detector has a resolution of at least 16 by 16 pixels.

34. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 32 wherein said first anode detector comprises a diode array, and said second anode detector comprises a charge coupled device (CCD) array.

35. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 32 wherein said second anode detector is positioned on-line with said longitudinal axis, whereby a nondeflected electron beam accelerated along the longitudinal axis strikes said second anode detector.

36. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 35 wherein said first anode detector is positioned off-line with the longitudinal axis, whereby an electron beam accelerated along the longitudinal axis of said dual detector digicon must be deflected in order to strike said first anode detector.

37. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 36 wherein said beam acceleration/focussing means further includes magnetic deflection means for magnetically deflecting said electron beam off-line from said longitudinal axis, said magnetic deflection means being activated to deflect said electron beam whenever said first return pulse is to be detected, and said magnetic deflection means being turned off to allow said electron beam to travel without deflection whenever said second return pulse is to be detected.

38. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 32 wherein said beam acceleration/focussing means includes means for electrostatically accelerating said electron beam along the longitudinal axis of said dual detector digicon.

39. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 38 wherein said means for electrostatically accelerating said electron beam includes a plurality of spaced apart conductive rings that surround said evacuated tube, and means for applying a voltage potential between selected ones of said plurality of spaced apart conductive rings.

40. The dual detector digicon as set forth in claim 39 further including electrostatic zoom means for selectively applying a voltage potential between appropriate ones of said spaced apart conductive rings so as to selectively shrink or expand the cross sectional area of the electron beam that strikes said second anode detector.

41. A method of three-dimensional light detection and ranging (LIDAR) for remotely detecting and imaging an object in a target area comprising:

(a) transmitting a first pulse of laser energy at known coordinates in the target area from a location spaced from the target area;

(b) detecting a first return pulse of optical energy reflected from a surface of an object within the target area and measuring the time at which said return pulse is detected relative to the time at which said first laser pulse is transmitted, whereby a round-trip signal transmission time is determined, said round-trip signal transmission time providing a measure of the depth of said object within the target area;

(c) transmitting a second pulse of laser energy at the same coordinates of the target area as was the first pulse of laser energy;

(d) detecting a second return pulse of optical energy after waiting said round-trip signal transmission time from the transmission of said second laser pulse, whereby said second return pulse contains primarily laser energy reflected from the surface of said object at the measured depth of said object;

(e) electronically processing the second return pulse to form an image of the detected surface of the object at the measured depth of said object;

(f) repeating steps (c)-(e) a plurality of times, with each repetition of step (d) including a wait time that comprises said round-trip signal transmission time adjusted by an incremental amount from the previous wait time, whereby each repetition of steps (c)-(e) forms an image of the detected surface of the object and its shadow at different depths; and

(g) electronically processing the images formed to form a three-dimensional image of the detected object and its shadow.