Polarimetric radar signal mapping process

• US 5,313,210 A
• Filed: 02/23/1993
• Issued: 05/17/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 02/23/1993
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation (Ball Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Ball Corporation
• Inventors: Gail, Willaim B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sotomayor, John B.
• Application Number:
  US08/021,310
• Time in Patent Office: 448 Days
• Field of Search: 342/25, 342/91, 342/92, 342/93, 342/159, 342/174, 342/191, 342/194, 342/188
• US Class Current: 342/25.00A
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9076 Polarimetric features in SAR
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/025 involving the transmission of linearly polarised waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4004 of parts of a radar system

Abstract

A process for mapping a region of interest using polarimetric radar signals is disclosed. The process provides for the polarimetric calibration of polarized signal data to account for distortions arising from cross-talk and channel imbalance during signal transmission and/or reception. Moreover, the process also can be used to correct for ionospheric signal distortions of polarized signals with low frequencies prone to Faraday rotations upon encountering the ionosphere. Such calibrations are accomplished with a reduced number of, typically ground-based, signal reflection devices used for calibrating the polarimetric signals to compensate for the above distortions.

Claims

1. A process for obtaining information regarding a region of interest comprising the steps of:

transmitting a first polarized polarimetric signal toward a first region using a first channel transmission means;

receiving a first scattering signal of the first polarized polarimetric signal scattered from within a plurality of subregions of the first region, for each subregion, the first scattering signal having a first polarimetric signal portion, B₁, received by a first channel receiving means, and having a second polarimetric signal portion, B₂, received by a second channel receiving means;

transmitting a second polarized polarimetric signal, distinct from said first polarized polarimetric signal, toward the first region using a second channel transmission means;

receiving a second scattering signal of the second polarized polarimetric signal scattered from each of the plurality of subregions, for each subregion, the second scattering signal having a third polarimetric signal portion, B₃, received by a third channel receiving means, and having a fourth polarimetric signal portion, B₄, received by a fourth channel receiving means;

generating a plurality of pixels, each said pixel including data corresponding to a subregion of said plurality of subregions, each said pixel generated using data corresponding with at least one collection of said signal portions B₁, 1≦

i≦

4, where each B_i includes signals scattered from the subregion corresponding to the pixel;

selecting a sample collection of the plurality of pixels;

determining statistical expectation values representing entries of a predetermined expectation matrix using the data of at least one pixel from said sample collection;

obtaining values for one or more signal calibration variables by solving substantially simultaneously a first plurality of real valued equations for the values of a plurality of real unknowns corresponding to the real and imaginary portions of said plurality of signal calibration variables, said first plurality of real valued equations including a plurality of expectation equations, each expectation equation obtained by equating one of said expectation values, determined in said step of determining, to a theoretical expansion of the corresponding entry in the predetermined expectation matrix, said calibration variables relating to;

(1) corresponding zero or more channel imbalances between;

(a) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting said first polarized polarimetric signal and said second polarized polarimetric signal;

(b) said first channel receiving means and said second channel receiving means when receiving said first scattering signal;

(c) said third channel receiving means and said fourth channel receiving means when receiving said second scattering signal; and

(2) corresponding zero or more cross-talk polarimetric signal distortions between;

(d) said first channel receiving means and said second channel receiving means when receiving the first scattering signal;

(e) said third channel receiving means and said fourth channel receiving means when receiving the second scattering signal;

(f) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting the first polarized polarimetric signal;

(g) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting the second polarized polarimetric signal; and

(3) corresponding to a Faraday rotation angle;

calibrating one or more pixels using the values for said plurality of the signal calibration variables obtained in said step of obtaining;

using the calibrated pixels to obtain information regarding the region.

2. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data for each pixel includes values in one of the formats:

scattering matrix format, Stokes matrix format, and cross-product matrix format.

3. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein a predetermined probability distribution function for said predetermined expectation matrix is a probability distribution function for the following scattering random variables:

S_HH, a scattering random variable related to the signal portion B₁ from substantially each subregion of the plurality of subregions;

S_VH, a scattering random variable related to the signal portion B₂ from substantially each subregion of the plurality of subregions;

S_HV, a scattering random variable related to the signal portion B₃ from substantially each subregion of the plurality of subregions;

S_VV, a scattering random variable related to the signal portion B₄ from substantially each subregion of the plurality of subregions.

4. A method, as claimed in claim 3, wherein said predetermined probability distribution function is a zero-mean complex multi-variate Gaussian distribution function.

5. A method, as claimed in claim 3, wherein said predetermined probability distribution function is a k-distribution.

6. A method, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plurality of signal calibration variables include:

F_R, a complex channel imbalance variable whose value represents at least one of (b) and (c) of claim 1;

F_T, a complex channel imbalance variable whose value represents (a) of claim 1;

δ

₁, a first complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (d) of claim 1;

δ

₂, a second complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (e) of claim 1;

δ

₃, a third complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (f) of claim 1;

δ

₄, a fourth complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (g) of claim 1.

7. A method, as claimed in claim 6, wherein each said theoretical expansion determined for an entry in the predetermined expectation matrix is an expansion of an entry in the following representation of the expectation matrix:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">A.sup.2 *([D][Y][D] )+[Q.sub.n ],

where

A is a real amplitude of said received signals, B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₄, ##EQU22## [D] denotes the complex conjugate transpose of [D], and [Y] is a 4×

4 matrix, each entry being an expectation expansion, according to the predetermined probability distribution function of said scattering random variables, of a corresponding entry of the 4×

4 matrix;

[X][X] , [X] denotes the complex conjugate transpose of [X], and ##EQU23## where

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">X.sub.11 ≡

S.sub.HH cos.sup.2 Ω

-S.sub.VV sin.sup.2 Ω

+(S.sub.HV -S.sub.VH)sinΩ

cosΩ

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">X.sub.12 ≡

S.sub.VH cos.sup.2 Ω

+S.sub.HV sin.sup.2 Ω

+(S.sub.HH +S.sub.VV)sinΩ

cosΩ

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">X.sub.21 ≡

S.sub.HV cos.sup.2 Ω

+S.sub.VH sin.sup.2 Ω

-(S.sub.HH +S.sub.VV)sinΩ

cosΩ

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">X.sub.22 ≡

-S.sub.HH sin.sup.2 Ω

+S.sub.VV cos.sup.2 Ω

+(S.sub.HV -S.sub.VH)sinΩ

cosΩ

where ##EQU24## where Ω

is a Faraday rotation angle and [Q_n ] is a receiver noise power 4×

4 diagonal matrix.

8. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Faraday rotation angle is substantially zero when substantially no portion of an ionosphere exists between the region and one of:

the first channel transmission means, the second channel transmission means, the first channel receiving means, the second channel receiving means, the third channel receiving means, the fourth channel receiving means.

9. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of calibrating includes determining the entries of the following calibration matrix:

##EQU25## and one or more of the following variables are included in said plurality of signal calibration variables;

F_R is a complex channel imbalance variable whose value represents a channel imbalance between at least one of (b) and (c) of claim 1;

F_T is a complex channel imbalance variable whose value represents a channel imbalance between (a) of claim 1;

10. δ

₁. is a first complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (d) of claim 1;

δ

₂, is a second complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (e) of claim 1;

δ

₃, is a third complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (f) of claim 1;

δ

₄, is a fourth complex cross-talk variable whose value represents at least one of the cross-polarization and channel interference of (g) of claim 1;

Ω

is a Faraday rotation angle.

11. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said step of calibrating includes using said calibration matrix [P] to calibrate at least one pixel corresponding to a subregion of said plurality of subregions.

12. A method, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said calibration matrix [P] is used for obtaining information regarding a second region of interest, said second region substantially distinct from said first region.

13. A method, as claimed in claim 9, wherein said step of calibrating includes at least one matrix multiplication, by the calibration matrix [P], of data for each pixel of said one or more pixels to calibrate.

14. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of determining includes obtaining values for at least six of the entries for the predetermined expectation matrix.

15. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ij^th entry of the expectation matrix is a function of the complex product of V_i and V_j^*, 1≦

i≦

4 and 1≦

j≦

4, for each pixel in said sample collection, said pixel including data in the scattering matrix format;

[V]=(V₁, V₂, V₃, V₄)^T, where V_j^* is the complex conjugate of V_j.

16. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ij^th entry of the expectation matrix is in Stokes format.

17. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of expectation equations includes an expectation equation of the following entries of the expectation matrix:

the (1,1) entry, the (1,2) entry, the (1,3) entry, the (1,4) entry, the (2,2) entry, the (2,3) entry, the (2,4) entry, the (3,3) entry and the (3,4) entry.

18. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of solving includes solving for real values of sixteen unknowns of the plurality of real unknowns whenever a Faraday rotation angle is known, said first plurality of real valued equations including sixteen real valued equations that are solved substantially simultaneously for said sixteen unknowns of the plurality of real unknowns, fifteen real valued equations of said sixteen real valued equations are expectation equations in said plurality of expectation equations.

19. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of solving includes solving for real values of seventeen unknowns of the plurality of real unknowns whenever a Faraday rotation angle is unknown, said first plurality of real valued equations including seventeen real valued equations that are solved substantially simultaneously for said seventeen unknowns of the plurality of real unknowns, fifteen real valued equations of said seventeen real valued equations are expectation equations in said plurality of expectation equations.

20. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of pixels from said step of generating are radiometrically calibrated.

21. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of selecting includes choosing one or more subregions having substantially constant off-boresight angle vertical component.

22. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said first polarized polarimetric signal is orthogonal to said second polarized polarimetric signal.

23. A method, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said first polarimetric signal portion is orthogonal to said second polarimetric signal portion.

24. A process for obtaining information regarding an ionosphere comprising the steps of:

transmitting a first polarized polarimetric signal toward a region using a first channel transmission means;

receiving a first scattering signal of the first polarized polarimetric signal scattered from within a plurality of subregions of the region, for each subregion, the first scattering signal having a first polarimetric signal portion, b₁, received by a first channel receiving means, and having a second polarimetric signal portion, b₂, received by a second channel receiving means;

transmitting a second polarized polarimetric signal, distinct from said first polarized polarimetric signal, toward the region using a second channel transmission means;

receiving a second scattering signal of the second polarized polarimetric signal scattered from each of the plurality of subregions, for each subregion, the second scattering signal having a third polarimetric signal portion, B₃, received by a third channel receiving means, and having a fourth polarimetric signal portion, B₄, received by a fourth channel receiving means;

generating a plurality of pixels, each said pixel including data corresponding to a subregion of said plurality of subregions, each said pixel generated using data corresponding with at least one collection of said signal portions B₁, 1≦

i≦

4, where each B_i includes signals scattered from the subregion corresponding to the pixel;

selecting a sample collection of the plurality of pixels;

determining statistical expectation values representing entries of a predetermined expectation matrix using the data of at least one pixel from said sample collection;

obtaining values for one or more signal calibration variables by solving substantially simultaneously a first plurality of real valued equations for the values of a plurality of real unknowns corresponding to the real and imaginary portions of said plurality of signal calibration variables, said first plurality of real valued equations including a plurality of expectation equations, each expectation equation obtained by equating one of said expectation values, determined in said step of determining, to a theoretical expansion of the corresponding entry in the predetermined expectation matrix, at least one of said signal calibration variables being a Faraday rotation angle, one or more additional said signal calibration variables relating to;

(1) corresponding zero or more channel imbalances between;

(a) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting said first polarized polarimetric signal and said second polarized polarimetric signal;

(b) said first channel receiving means and said second channel receiving means when receiving said first scattering signal;

(c) said third channel receiving means and said fourth channel receiving means when receiving said second scattering signal; and

(2) corresponding zero or more cross-talk polarimetric signal distortions between;

(d) said first channel receiving means and said second channel receiving means when receiving the first scattering signal;

(e) said third channel receiving means and said fourth channel receiving means when receiving the second scattering signal;

(f) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting the first polarized polarimetric signal;

(g) said first channel transmission means and said second channel transmission means when transmitting the second polarized polarimetric signal;

identifying the Faraday rotation angle value obtained with said region;

using the identification of the Faraday rotation angle value and said region to obtain information regarding the ionosphere.