Electrochemical metal-air cell and electrically and mechanically rechargeable anodes for use therein

• US 5,318,861 A
• Filed: 01/11/1993
• Issued: 06/07/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 01/10/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Electric Fuel Ltd.
• Original Assignee: Electric Fuel Ltd.
• Inventors: Goldstein, Jonathan R., Harats, Yehuda
• Primary Examiner(s): GORGOS, KATHRYN L
• Application Number:
  US08/002,656
• Time in Patent Office: 512 Days
• Field of Search: 429/21, 429/27, 429/41, 429/44, 429/22, 429/136, 429/142, 429/246, 429/233, 429/59
• US Class Current: 429/404
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/64 Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 12/08 composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2004/024 Insertable electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2004/027 Negative electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/02 Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/043 involving compressing or compaction
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/244 Zinc electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/625 Carbon or graphite
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/628 Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/661 Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings H01M4/669 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/667 in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/70 characterised by shape or form
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/742 perforated material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/745 Expanded metal
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/747 Woven material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/75 Wires, rods or strips
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/762 Porous or perforated metallic containers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/46 Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Abstract

An electrochemical metal-air cell for multiple discharge and recharge cycles, includes a housing for accommodating a replaceable metal electrode having a generally planar electrically conductive skeletal member encompassed by an active metal component. At least one generally planar, air permeable but liquid impermeable air electrode is installed at at-least one of the sides of the housing. An electrolyte is provided in contact with the metal and the air electrodes. One or more auxiliary electrodes each constituting a charging anode is engaged when electric current is applied thereto for effecting the reduction and regeneration of the active metal component in one mode of operation, during which the air electrode is disengaged. The charging anode is disengaged in another mode of operation. The metal electrode is removed from the housing to enable the mechanical replacement thereof and is recharged in situ when electric current is applied to the auxiliary charging anode to reduce oxidized active metal thereof.

Claims

1. An electrochemical metal-air cell, for multiple discharge and recharge cycles, comprising:

(a) a housing having a base, two major surfaces and two minor surfaces defining an interior space for containing therein a replaceable metal electrode having a generally planar electrically conductive skeletal member encompassed by an active metal component, said interior space communicating with an opening opposite said base through which said replaceable metal electrode is selectively removed to enable the mechanical replacement thereof with a freshly charged metal electrode;

(b) at least one generally planar air permeable but liquid impermeable air electrode, each of said at least one air electrode installed in a window opening provided in at least one of said major surfaces;

(c) an electrolyte in contract with the metal and air electrodes; and

further comprising

(d) one or more auxiliary electrodes positioned in a spaced-apart relationship with and adjacent to said replaceable metal electrode;

each auxiliary electrode constituting a charging anode which upon application of electrical current thereto is engaged via said electrolyte in a charging circuit with said metal electrode for effecting electrical recharging of said metal electrode by the reduction and regeneration of said active metal component of said metal electrode in an electrical charging mode of operation, during which said air electrode is disengaged with said metal electrode forming an open circuit between said air electrode and said metal electrode;

and each of said auxiliary electrodes is disengaged from said metal electrode while said air electrode is engaged therewith in a discharging mode of operation, whereby said metal electrode is periodically, selectively removed from said interior space via said opening to enable the mechanical replacement thereof and is periodically, selectively electrically recharged in situ by the application of electric current to said auxiliary charging anode to reduce oxidized active metal of said metal electrode.

2. The cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active metal component comprises porous zinc particles.

3. The cell as claimed in claim 2 wherein the metal particles are formed into a slurry impregnated with an electrolyte.

4. The cell as claimed in claim 3 wherein the skeletal member comprises a plurality of open ended volumes for holding the slurry.

5. The cell as claimed in claim 4 wherein said skeletal member comprises a plurality of rigid rods or wires supporting and encompassed by compacted active zinc slurry formed of porous zinc granules.

6. The cell as claimed in claim 4 wherein said skeletal member comprises a perforated plate for holding the slurry.

7. The cell as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a mechanical electrolyte permeable spacer positioned between adjacent electrodes.

8. The cell as claimed in claim 7 wherein the mechanical spacer is of woven a long-chain synthetic polymeric amide, polypropylene or plastic mesh.

9. The cell as claimed in claim 7 wherein the mechanical spacer is of non-woven a long-chain synthetic polymeric amide, or polypropylene fabric.

10. The cell as claimed in claim 9, further comprising an ion selective membrane surrounding each of said one or more auxiliary electrodes.

11. The cell as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ion selective membrane is permeable to hydroxyl ions, but impermeable to electrolyte soluble complex ions of the metals comprising the metal anode.

12. The cell as claimed in claim 11 wherein said electrolyte permeable spacer and said ion selective membrane are interposed between the metal electrode and the air electrode so as to physically separate the metal electrode from the air electrode and confine electrolyte soluble complex ions of the metals comprising the metal component to the vicinity of the metal electrode.

13. The cell as claimed in claim 12 wherein said electrolyte permeable spacer and said ion selective membrane, where present, are attached to and cover the air electrode.

14. The cell as claimed in claim 12 wherein said spacer and optional ion selective membrane are attached to and cover the metal electrode thereby forming a removeable cassette.

15. The cell as claimed in claim 14 wherein said metal electrode cassette comprises at least one auxiliary charging electrode.

16. The cell as claimed in claim 11 wherein each auxiliary electrode is fixedly positioned within the housing.

17. The cell as claimed in claim 1 comprising a pair of metal electrodes and a single auxiliary electrode wherein the auxiliary electrode is positioned between the said pair.

18. The cell as claimed in claim 1 comprising a single metal electrode and pair of auxiliary electrodes, wherein each member of the auxiliary electrode pair is positioned between the metal electrode and a corresponding air electrode.

19. The cell as claimed in claim 1 further comprising overcharge warning and prevention means to warn against and prevent electrical recharging a number of times greater than a predetermined maximum.

20. The cell as claimed in claim 1 electrically interconnected with at least one other similar cell to form a battery.

21. A replaceable, rechargeable anode for use in an electrochemical metal/air cell according to claim 1, said anode comprising a generally planar electrically conductive skeletal member embracing an active component, in combination with at least one auxiliary charging electrode, wherein said anode and said auxiliary charging electrode are bounded and enveloped by at least one removable separator and are removed together therewith from said cell.

22. An electrochemical metal-air cell for multiple discharge and recharge cycles, comprising:

(a) a housing having a base, two major surfaces and two minor surfaces defining an interior space for containing therein a replaceable metal electrode having a generally planar electrically conductive skeletal member encompassed by an active metal component, said interior space communicating with an opening opposite said base through which said replaceable metal electrode is selectively removed to enable the mechanical replacement thereof with a freshly charged metal electrode;

(b) at least one generally planar air permeable but liquid impermeable air electrode, each of said at least one air electrode installed in a window opening provided in at least one of said major surfaces;

(c) an electrolyte in contact with the metal and air electrodes, wherein said air electrode is a bi-functional electrode capable of accepting a charge upon reversal of current flow in said cell and application of electric current to said electrode and effects via said electrolyte the reduction and regeneration of the active metal component of said replaceable metal electrode in a first mode of operation, and wherein the metal electrode is periodically, selectively removed from the interior space to enable the mechanical replacement thereof and is recharged in situ by the application of electric current to said bi-functional air electrode to reduce oxidized active metal of said metal electrode.