Device and method for inspection of baggage and other objects

• US 5,319,547 A
• Filed: 08/10/1990
• Issued: 06/07/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 08/10/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: L-3 Communications Security and Detection Systems Corporation Delaware
• Original Assignee: Vivid Technologies, Inc. (Revvity, Inc.)
• Inventors: Stein, Jay A., Krug, Kristoph D., Taylor, Adam L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hayes, Gail O.
• Application Number:
  US07/566,083
• Time in Patent Office: 1,397 Days
• Field of Search: 364/409, 382/22
• US Class Current: 705/13
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 23/04 and forming images of the material
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 23/083 the radiation being X-rays
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 5/224 Multiple energy techniques using one type of radiation, e.g. X-rays of different energies
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 5/226 using tomography
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/10116 X-ray image
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/10144 Varying exposure
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/30112 Baggage; Luggage; Suitcase
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 5/50 using two or more images, e.g. averaging or subtraction
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/70 Determining position or orientation of objects or cameras camera calibration G06T7/80

Abstract

A device and method is provided for finding a specific material superimposed on an unknown background when the locations of the specific material and the background are unknown, for example, inside an item of baggage. The invention comprises exposing an area of an item to be inspected to x-rays of two substanitally different energies, making effective use of the characteristic material specific differences in photoelectric effect scattering and Compton scattering, and comparing the pairwise differential attenuation of the x-rays at nearby exposed subareas to determine whether differences in attenuation can be attributed to the presence of different amounts of the specific material overlying the respective subareas. The most probable subareas are indicated on a standard image on a monitor as being the most likely location of the overlying specific material.

Claims

1. A device for detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising

an x-ray source adapted to expose an area of the ensemble to x-ray radiation of two substantially different energy bands,

a detector, responsive to said source, adapted to detect radiation passing through said ensemble and to produce dual energy areal image information of said ensemble, and

a computer adapted to process such dual energy information based on differences in attenuation between subareas of said exposed area to detect presence of said specific material by comparing selected subareas of said exposed area to other subareas in the vicinity of said selected subareas,

said computer being capable of performing said comparison by computing for a selected test subarea of said exposed area the values (H_T, L_T) wherein H_T is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said test subarea and L_T is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said test subarea and computing for a subarea nearby said test subarea the values (H_B, L_B) wherein H_B is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said nearby subarea and L_B is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said nearby subarea, and employing said values (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) in determining the presence of said specific material.

15. The device of claim 1, 2, 3, 13 or 14 further comprising means for collimating a fan beam of said x-rays, and means for conveying said object to intercept said fan beam of said x-rays.

42. The device of claim 1, 2, 3, 13, 14 or 36, wherein said specific material is a threatening substance.

43. The device of claim 42, wherein said threatening substance is an explosive.

44. The device of claim 1, 2, 3, 13, 14 or 36, wherein said specific material is an illicit drug substance.

2. A device for detecting an object of interest that may be present in a container of objects comprising

an x-ray source adapted to expose an area of said container to x-ray radiation of two substantially different energy bands,

a detector, responsive to said source, adapted to detect radiation passing through said container and to produce dual energy areal image information of said container and its contents based on differences in absorption of said x-rays, and

a computer adapted to process such dual energy information to detect said object of interest on the basis of comparisons of x-ray attenuation values (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) representing the substantially logarithmic dependence of x-rays absorption when passing through objects, wherein H_T and H_B represent the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said test subarea and said nearby subarea, respectively, and L_T and L_B represent the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said test subarea and said nearby subarea, respectively,

said comparisons employing the (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) values of selected test subareas of said exposed area and other nearby subareas in the vicinity of said selected test subareas, respectively, to determine the presence of said object of interest.

3. A device for detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising means to expose an area of the ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands to produce dual energy image information of the ensemble and means to computer-process such dual energy information to detect said specific material on the basis of comparisons between attenuation image information from at least one of said energy bands and positionally corresponding image information of parameter P values derived from correlations of said dual energy image information with values in a predetermined lookup table reflecting attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of a selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by said parameter P.

4. The device of claim 3 wherein the means to computer-process includes means for evaluating gradients of values in at least one of the images.

5. The device of claim 4 wherein the means to computer-process includes means for evaluating gradients of values in both said attenuation image and said image of P values.

6. The device of claim 4 having means for selecting the regions of said attenuation image information for said comparisons on the basis of the steepness of gradients of attenuation values in said attenuation image.

7. The device of claim 6 wherein said means for selecting employs an edge finding operator.

8. The device of claim 6 including means for generating gradient values H_S for substantially all subareas and means for pruning to remove subareas with H_S values below a selected threshold, and means for thereafter performing said comparisons using the remaining H_S values.

9. A device for detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an ensemble of objects, comprising

means for exposing said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy levels,

means for generating for each subarea over the exposed area a set of data values representing logarithms of x-ray attenuation at said subarea at each of said energy levels,

means for processing said data for said subarea to compute the values of (H,L) for said subarea, wherein H is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the higher energy level and L is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the lower energy level, and

means for applying an edge finding or gradient evaluating operator such as a Sobel operator to image data of at least one energy level,

means for generating gradient values H_S for substantially all subareas,

means for pruning to remove subareas with gradient values H_S below a selected gradient threshold,

means for determining for remaining subareas with gradient values H_S above said selected gradient threshold parameter P values using a lookup table in computer storage reflecting x-ray attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of said selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by said parameter P,

means for applying said gradient evaluating operator to P image data formed using said parameter P values for said remaining subareas,

means for generating gradient values P_S for said remaining subareas,

means for calculating a ratio H_S /P_S for said remaining subareas,

means for raising said ratio to a power at least as large as unity to emphasize large values of said ratio, and

means for storing said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power for substantially all of said remaining subareas.

10. The device of claim 9 further comprising

means for selecting an alarm threshold on said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power so that subareas having said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power above said alarm threshold are strongly indicative of presence of said specific material,

means for applying a dilation algorithm using said H values and said L values for said image data,

means for sounding an alarm if a certain number of subarea values are above said alarm threshold,

means for applying an erosion algorithm to eliminate spurious noise in said image data, and

means for displaying said image data with areas of particular interest highlighted.

35. The device as in any one of claims 3 through 11 and 12 through 33 further comprising means for assigning to subareas over said exposed area of the object relative probabilities for the presence of said specific material based upon said comparisons, said indicating means being responsive to said relative probability assignments for indicating presence of said specific material in said object.

11. A device for detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an ensemble of objects, comprising

means for exposing said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy levels,

means for generating for each subarea over the exposed area a set of data values representing logarithms of x-ray attenuation at said subarea at each of said energy levels,

means for filtering said data for said subarea,

means for averaging said data for said subarea,

means for processing said data for said subarea to compute the values of (H,L) for said test subarea, wherein H is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the higher energy level and L is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the lower energy level, and

means for applying an edge finding or gradient evaluating operator such as a Sobel operator to image data of at least one energy level,

means for generating gradient values H_S for substantially all subareas,

means for pruning to remove subareas with gradient values H_S below a selected gradient threshold,

means for determining for remaining subareas with gradient values H_S above said selected gradient threshold parameter P values using a lookup table in computer storage reflecting x-ray attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of said selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by said parameter P,

means for applying said gradient evaluating operator to P image data formed using said parameter P values for said remaining subareas,

means for generating gradient values P_S for said remaining subareas,

means for calculating a ratio H_S /P_S for said remaining subareas,

means for raising said ratio to a power at least as large as unity to emphasize large values of said ratio,

means for storing said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power for substantially all of said remaining subareas,

means for selecting an alarm threshold on said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power so that subareas having said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power above said alarm threshold are strongly indicative of presence of said specific material,

means for applying a dilation algorithm using said H values and said L values for said image data,

means for sounding an alarm if a certain number of subarea values are above said alarm threshold,

means for applying an erosion algorithm to eliminate spurious noise in said image data, and

means for displaying said image data with areas of particular interest highlighted.

12. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, and indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble wherein said comparison means includes a lookup table reflecting attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of a selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by a parameter P.

32. The device of claim 12 including means to reference actual attenuation measurements of subareas at an energy band with parameter P values for said subareas, and using said determination in determining the presence of said specific material.

38. The device of claim 12, 32, 25 or 37, including

means for examining said subareas,

means responsive thereto for producing values for each subarea indicative of the relative probability of matching said specific material,

means for displaying subareas over said area, and

means for highlighting those subareas having a probability greater than or equal to a selected threshold value of matching said specific material.

13. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, and indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble wherein said comparison means include means to combine, according to a predetermined formula, values representing the attenuation of said x-rays for subareas in said neighborhood to provide an attenuation measure and means to compare said measure to a reference related to said specific material.

16. The device of claim 13 or 14 wherein said indicating means is a visual display of an x-ray image, and said indication being of the form of distinguished subareas at which the specific material is probably present.

17. The device of claim 3, 13 or 14 wherein said ensemble comprises components of a stream of matter.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein said stream is comprised of rocks and other materials, and said specific material is a mineral of value.

19. The device of claim 17, wherein said stream is shredded plastic refuse, and said specific material is a particular form of plastic.

20. The device of claim 19, wherein said particular form of plastic comprises halogenated hydrocarbon plastic to be separated from other plastic refuse.

21. The device of claim 3, 13 or 14 wherein said ensemble comprises foodstuffs.

22. The device of claim 21, wherein said foodstuffs are meat, and wherein said specific material is bone.

23. The device of claim 21, wherein said specific material is inorganic.

14. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, and indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble wherein said values generated representing the attenuation of said x-rays at said energy bands are logarithms of x-ray attenuation at each of said energy bands at each subarea.

24. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, and indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble wherein said comparison means comprises means for computing for a selected test subarea of said area the values (H_T,L_T) wherein H_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said higher energy band at said test subarea and L_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said lower energy band at said test subarea, means for computing for a subarea nearby said test subarea the values (H_B, L_B) wherein H_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said higher energy band at said nearby subarea and L_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said lower energy band at said nearby subarea, said comparison means constructed to employ said values (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) in determining the presence of said specific material.

25. The device of claim 24 further comprising means for providing p-values P representing attenuation characteristics of various overlying materials, means for associating a p-value P_T with said values (H_T,L_T) wherein said p-value P_T is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said test subarea, means for associating a p-value P_B with said values (H_B,L_B) wherein said p-value P_B is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said nearby subarea, means for computing the value of |(H_T -H_B)/(P_T -P_B)|=Δ

H/Δ

P and means for associating Δ

H/Δ

P with a relative probability measure for the presence of said specific material at respective subareas.

26. The device of claim 25 wherein the relative probability measure is proportional to (Δ

H/Δ

P)^q, wherein q is a value chosen to emphasize extrema of the value of Δ

H/Δ

P.

27. The device of claim 26 wherein q=2.

28. The device of claim 25 wherein said means for associating a p-value P with said values (H,L) involves identifying said values with respective points from a set of points previously generated by numerically varying thicknesses of said specific material and said overlying materials.

29. The device of claim 24 wherein said comparison means comprises means for computing the value of (H_T -H_B)/(L_T -L_B)=K_TB and means for comparing said value of K_TB with the value of K_MAT wherein K_MAT is an attenuation characteristic of said specific material.

30. The device of claim 29 wherein K_MAT is a stored value developed by prior measurements.

31. The device of claim 29 wherein K_MAT ≃

μ

_H /μ

_L wherein μ

_H is the attenuation coefficient of said specific material exposed to said higher energy band x-rays and μ

_L is the attenuation coefficient of said specific material exposed to said lower energy band x-rays.

40. The device of claim 24 or 36, wherein K_MAT =μ

_H (H_T,L_T,H_B,L_B)/μ

_L (H_T,L_T,H_B,L_B) wherein μ

_H is an attenuation coefficient of said specific material exposed to said higher energy x-rays, comprising a function of the logarithms of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea and at said nearby subarea, wherein μ

_L is an attenuation coefficient of said specific material exposed to said lower energy x-rays, comprising a function of said logarithms of the attentuation of said x-rays at said test subarea and at said nearby subarea.

41. The device of claim 40 including

means for ascertaining whether said value of K_TB is within a selected window of values of K_MAT,

means for incrementing a respective counter if said value of K_TB is within said window,

means for examining said subarea counters and producing values for each subarea indicative of the relative probability of matching said specific material,

means for displaying subareas over said area, and

means for highlighting those subareas having a probability greater than or equal to a selected threshold value of matching said specific material.

33. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble, and means for exposing selected numbers of samples of various known materials each of a range of different thicknesses to said x-rays of said different energy bands to measure the attenuation characteristic of the exposed samples to provide a reference for said comparison means.

34. The device of claim 33 including calculation means for interpolating between said measured values to estimate intermediate values for use in making said comparison.

36. A baggage inspection device for detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an item of baggage comprising means to expose an area of said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said item to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood of said subareas, and indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said item, said comparison means comprising means for computing for a selected test subarea of said area the values (H_T,L_T) wherein H_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said higher energy band at said test subarea and L_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said lower energy band at said test subarea, means for computing for a subarea nearby said test subarea the values (H_B,L_B ) wherein H_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said higher energy band at said nearby subarea and L_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said lower energy band at said nearby subarea, said comparison means constructed to employ said values (H_T,L_T) and (H_B,L_B) in determining the presence of said specific material.

37. The device of claim 36 wherein said comparison means comprises

means for providing p-values P representing attenuation characteristics of various overlying materials,

means for associating a p-value P_T with said values (H_T,L_T) wherein said p-value P_T is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said test subarea, means for associating a p-value P_B with said values (H_B,L_B) wherein said p-value P_B is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said nearby subarea, means for computing the value of |(H_T -H_B)/(P_T -P_B)|=Δ

H/Δ

P and means for associating Δ

H/Δ

P with a relative probability measure for the presence of said specific material at respective subareas.

39. The device of claim 36 wherein said comparison means comprises means for computing the value of (H_T -H_B)/(L_T -L_B)=K_TB and means for comparing said value of K_TB with the value of K_MAT wherein K_MAT is an attenuation characteristic of said specific material.

45. A device for detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising means to expose an area of the ensemble to x-ray energies to produce dual energy image information of the ensemble, means to computer-process such dual energy information to detect said specific material on the basis of comparisons of selected subareas of said exposed area to other subareas in the vicinity of said selected subareas, means for locating edges in the exposed area where one material overlaps another, means for choosing subareas in close proximity to said edges to be said selected subareas, and means for assigning to said selected subareas a relative probability for the presence of said specific materials at said subareas based upon said comparisons with other subareas in the vicinity, and indicating means responsive to said relative probability assignment.

47. The device of claim 45 or 46 further comprising means for dilating indications of subareas over regions whose edges have been determined to indicate the presence of said specific material, wherein said dilation makes said regions more prominently noticeable to an operator of said device, and wherein said dilation enhances indication of presence of said specific material.

46. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble, means for locating edges in the exposed area where one material overlaps another, means for choosing subareas in close proximity to said edges to be said selected subareas, and means for assigning to said selected subareas a relative probability for the presence of said specific materials at said subareas based upon comparisons with other subareas in the neighborhood, said indicating means being responsive to said relative probability assignment.

48. A method of detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising the steps of

exposing an area of the ensemble to x-ray radiation of two substantially different energy bands,

detecting radiation passing through the ensemble and producing dual energy areal image information of said exposed ensemble, and

processing such dual energy information based on differences in attenuation between subareas of said exposed area to detect presence of said specific material by comparing selected subareas of said exposed area to other subareas in the vicinity of said selected subareas,

said processing further including performing said comparison by computing for a selected test subarea of said exposed area the values (H_T, L_T) wherein H_T is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said test subarea and L_T is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said test subarea and computing for a subarea nearby said test subarea the values (H_B, L_B) wherein H_B is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said nearby subarea and L_B is a function of the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said nearby subarea, and employing said values (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) in determining the presence of said specific material.

54. The method as in any one of claims 48 through 53 further comprising employing computed tomographic information to detect said specific material that may be present in subareas indicated by said computer-processed dual energy information as being probable subareas for the presence of said specific materials.

49. A method of detecting an object of interest that may be present in a container of objects comprising the steps of

exposing an area of the container to x-ray radiation of two substantially different energy bands,

detecting radiation passing through the ensemble and producing dual energy areal image information of said exposed ensemble, and

processing such dual energy information to detect said object of interest on the basis of comparisons of x-ray attenuation values (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) representing the substantially logarithmic dependence of absorption of x-rays passing through objects, wherein H_T and H_B represent the attenuation of said x-rays at the higher energy band at said test subarea and said nearby subarea, respectively, and L_T and L_B represent the attenuation of said x-rays at the lower energy band at said test subarea and said nearby subarea, respectively, said comparisons employing the (H_T, L_T) and (H_B, L_B) values of selected test subareas of said exposed area and other nearby subareas in the vicinity of said selected test subareas, respectively, to determine the presence of said object of interest.

50. A method of baggage inspection for detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an item of baggage, comprising the steps of

exposing said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy levels,

generating for each subarea over the exposed area a set of data values representing logarithms of x-ray attenuation at said subarea at each of said energy levels,

choosing a test subarea,

filtering said data for said test subarea,

averaging said data for said test subarea,

processing said data for said test subarea to compute the values of (H_T,L_T) for said test subarea, wherein H_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea at the higher energy level and L_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea at the lower energy level, and

choosing a background subarea,

filtering said data for said background subarea,

averaging said data for said background subarea,

processing said data for said background subarea to compute the values of (H_B,L_B) for said background subarea, wherein H_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said background subarea at the higher energy level and L_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said background subarea at the lower energy level, and

computing the value of K_TB =(H_T -H_B)/(L_T -L_B), and

comparing said value of K_TB to the value of K_MAT, wherein K_MAT =μ

_H (H_T,L_T,H_B,L_B)/μ

_L (H_T,L_T,H_B,L_B) wherein μ

_H, an attenuation coefficient of a specific material exposed to said higher energy x-rays, is a function of the logarithms of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea and at said background subarea, wherein μ

_L, an attenuation coefficient of said specific material exposed to said lower energy x-rays, is a function of the logarithms of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea and at said background subarea, and

ascertaining whether said value of K_TB is within a selected window of values of K_MAT, incrementing a respective counter if said value of K_TB is within said window,

choosing another background subarea, and

iterating the steps from filtering said data for said background subarea to choosing another background subarea until a substantial number of background subareas have been so examined, and

choosing another test subarea, and

iterating the steps from filtering said data for said test subarea to choosing another test subarea until substantially all subareas have been so tested, and

examining said subarea counters,

producing values for each subarea indicative of the relative probability of matching said specific material, and

displaying subareas over said area, and

highlighting those subareas having a probability greater than or equal to a selected threshold value of matching said specific material.

51. A method of baggage inspection for detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an item of baggage, comprising the steps of

exposing said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy levels,

generating for each subarea over the exposed area a set of data values representing logarithms of x-ray attenuation at said subarea at each of said energy levels,

choosing a test subarea,

filtering said data for said test subarea,

averaging said data for said test subarea,

processing said data for said test subarea to compute the values of (H_T,L_T) for said test subarea, wherein H_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea at the higher energy level and L_T is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said test subarea at the lower energy level, and

choosing a background subarea,

filtering said data for said background subarea,

averaging said data for said background subarea,

processing said data for said background subarea to compute the values of (H_B,L_B) for said background subarea, wherein H_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said background subarea at the higher energy level and L_B is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said background subarea at the lower energy level, and

providing p-values P representing attenuation characteristics of various overlying materials,

associating a p-value P_T with said values (H_T,L_T) wherein said p-value P_T is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said test subarea,

associating a p-value P_B with said values (H_B,L_B) wherein said p-value P_B is proportional to the thickness of overlying materials at said nearby subarea,

computing the value of |(H_T -H_B)/(P_T -P_B)|=Δ

H/Δ

P,

associating Δ

H/Δ

P with a relative probability measure for the presence of said specific material at respective subareas,

storing said probability measure,

choosing another background subarea, and

iterating the steps from filtering said data for said background subarea to choosing another background subarea until a substantial number of background subareas have been so examined, and

choosing another test subarea, and

iterating the steps from filtering said data for said test subarea to choosing another test subarea until substantially all subareas have been so tested, and

examining said subarea probability measure stores,

producing values for each subarea indicative of the relative probability of matching said specific material, and

displaying subareas over said area, and

highlighting those subareas having a probability greater than or equal to a selected threshold value of matching said specific material.

52. A method of detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising the steps of

exposing an area of the ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands to produce dual energy image information of the ensemble, and

computer-processing such dual energy information to detect said specific material on the basis of comparisons between attenuation image information from at least one of said energy bands and positionally corresponding image information of parameter P values derived from correlations of said dual energy image information with values in a predetermined lookup table reflecting attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of a selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by said parameter P.

53. A method of detecting and indicating the probable presence of a specific material in an ensemble of objects, comprising the steps of

exposing said item to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy levels,

generating for each subarea over the exposed area a set of data values representing logarithms of x-ray attenuation at said subarea at each of said energy levels,

filtering said data for said subarea,

averaging said data for said subarea,

processing said data for said subarea to compute the values of (H,L) for said test subarea, wherein H is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the higher energy level and L is the logarithm of the attenuation of said x-rays at said subarea at the lower energy level, and

applying an edge finding or gradient evaluating operator such as a Sobel operator to image data of at least one energy level,

generating gradient values H_S for substantially all subareas,

pruning to remove subareas with gradient values H_S below a selected gradient threshold,

determining for remaining subareas with gradient values H_S above said selected gradient threshold parameter P values using a lookup table in computer storage reflecting x-ray attenuation at high and low energy bands over a range of thicknesses of said selected specific material and a range of thicknesses of a representative overlay material, with attenuation of a constant thickness of said overlay material and varying thicknesses of said specific material represented by said parameter P,

applying said gradient evaluating operator to P image data formed using said parameter P values for said remaining subareas,

generating gradient values P_S for said remaining subareas,

calculating a ratio H_S /P_S for said remaining subareas,

raising said ratio to a power at least as large as unity to emphasize large values of said ratio,

storing said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power for substantially all of said remaining subareas,

selecting an alarm threshold on said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power so that subareas having said ratio H_S /P_S raised to said power above said alarm threshold are strongly indicative of presence of said specific material,

applying a dilation algorithm using said H values and said L values for said image data,

sounding an alarm if a certain number of subarea values are above said alarm threshold,

applying an erosion algorithm to eliminate spurious noise in said image data, and

displaying said image data with areas of particular interest highlighted.

55. A device for detecting a specific material of interest in a package or suitcase comprising:

means to acquire x-ray transmission data through many spatially adjacent points of a package or suitcase at least at two substantially different energies,

and means to computer process the x-ray data which include;

treating the data spatially as numerous "object" regions and neighboring background regions, where each "object" region is taken as having substantially the same x-ray attenuating properties as a neighboring background region except for the addition of a thickness of unknown material,

processing the data in numerous "object" regions and respective neighboring background regions to characterize the x-ray properties of the assumed thickness of unknown material of the "object" regions with the contribution of background removed,

and comparing the determined x-ray properties of the thickness of unknown material in the "object" regions to the properties of the specific material of interest to determine if the "object" regions are likely to contain the specific material of interest.

56. The device of claim 55 in which the characterization of the x-ray properties of the thickness of unknown material for an "object" region includes a parameter substantially equivalent to the effective atomic number, Z, of the unknown material.

57. The device of claim 56 in which the effective atomic number Z is calculated with an accuracy enabling distinction between plastic substances having small differences in effective atomic numbers.

58. The device of claim 55 wherein the means to computer process the x-ray data is constructed to treat a given region of the data as a background region during one comparison and as an "object" region during another comparison.

59. The device of claim 55 wherein the means to computer process enables the background region to include the same material as the unknown material but of a lesser thickness.

60. The device of claim 55 wherein each object region is a pixel, i.e. the smallest size resolution element of the device.

61. A device for detecting a specific material that may be present in an ensemble of objects comprising means to expose an area of the ensemble to x-ray energies to produce dual energy image information of the ensemble, means to computer-process such dual energy information to detect said specific material on the basis of comparisons of selected subareas of said exposed area to other subareas in the vicinity of said selected subareas, and means for dilating indications of subareas over regions whose edges have been determined to indicate the presence of said specific material, wherein said dilation makes said regions more prominently noticeable to an operator of said device, and wherein said dilation enhances indication of presence of said specific material.

62. A device for inspecting an ensemble of physical objects comprising means to expose an area of said ensemble to x-rays of at least two substantially different energy bands, detection means responsive to said x-rays passing through said ensemble to generate for subareas over said area respective sets of values representing the attenuation of said x-rays at each of said energy bands, comparison means operative on differences in attenuation between subareas in a neighborhood to determine the presence of a specific material in the neighborhood, indicating means responsive to said comparisons for indicating presence of said specific material in said ensemble, and means for dilating indications of subareas over regions whose edges have been determined to indicate the presence of said specific material, wherein said dilation makes said regions more prominently noticeable to an operator of said device, and wherein said dilation enhances indication of presence of said specific material.

63. A device for detecting a specific material of interest in a package or suitcase comprising:

x-ray source adapted to expose a package or suitcase to x-ray radiation of at least two substantially different energy bands,

detector, responsive to said source, adapted to acquire x-ray transmission data through many spatially adjacent points of said package or suitcase at said energy bands,

computer adapted to treat said x-ray data spatially as numerous "object" regions and neighboring background regions, where each "object" region is taken as having substantially the same x-ray attenuating properties as a neighboring background region except for the additional presence of unknown material, to process said x-ray data in numerous "object" regions and respective neighboring background regions to characterize at least one x-ray property of the assumed unknown material of the "object" regions with the contribution of background removed, and to compare the determined x-ray property of said unknown material in the "object" regions to the corresponding property of the specific material of interest to determine if the "object" regions are likely to contain the specific material of interest.