Stepped frequency ground penetrating radar

• US 5,325,095 A
• Filed: 07/14/1992
• Issued: 06/28/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 07/14/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Bechtel Nevada Corporation, United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy
• Original Assignee: United States Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America)
• Inventors: Vadnais, Kenneth G., Lewallen, Tricia S., Nammath, Sharyn R., Bashforth, Michael B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sotomayor, John B.
• Application Number:
  US07/913,494
• Time in Patent Office: 714 Days
• Field of Search: 342/22, 342/129, 342/194, 342/196
• US Class Current: 342/22
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/0209 Systems with very large relative bandwidth, i.e. larger than 10 %, e.g. baseband, pulse, carrier-free, ultrawideband
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/286 frequency shift keyed
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/32 using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/347 using more than one modulation frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/885 for ground probing prospecting or detecting using electromagnetic waves G01V3/12
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 21/0025 Modular arrays
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 9/27 Spiral antennas

Abstract

A stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system is described comprising an RF signal generating section capable of producing stepped frequency signals in spaced and equal increments of time and frequency over a preselected bandwidth which serves as a common RF signal source for both a transmit portion and a receive portion of the system. In the transmit portion of the system the signal is processed into in-phase and quadrature signals which are then amplified and then transmitted toward a target. The reflected signals from the target are then received by a receive antenna and mixed with a reference signal from the common RF signal source in a mixer whose output is then fed through a low pass filter. The DC output, after amplification and demodulation, is digitized and converted into a frequency domain signal by a Fast Fourier Transform. A plot of the frequency domain signals from all of the stepped frequencies broadcast toward and received from the target yields information concerning the range (distance) and cross section (size) of the target.

Claims

1. A stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system comprising:

a) RF signal generating means for generating an RF signal;

b) transmitting means including means for forming in-phase and quadrature RF signals from said RF signal and transmitting said in-phase and quadrature RF signals to a target spaced from said transmitting means;

c) receiving means for receiving reflected RF signals from said target and for mixing said reflected RF signals with a reference RF signal from said same RF signal generating means; and

d) signal processing means for processing said signals to provide data indicating the depth and size of said target.

2. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 1 wherein said RF signal generating means further includes means for dividing said RF signal into a first signal sent to said transmitting means for transmission to said target and a second signal sent to said receiving means to provide said reference RF signal mixed with said RF signal received from said target.

3. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 2 wherein said means for forming an in-phase RF signal and a quadrature RF signal from said RF signal sent to said transmitting means from said RF signal generating means comprise a quadraphase modulator.

4. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 3 wherein said signal processing means further comprises means for processing said signals to provide frequency domain data representative of the depth and size of said target.

5. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 4 wherein said signals from said mixer in said receiving means are passed through a low pass filter having a cutoff frequency lower than said RF signal frequency and the DC component from said low pass filter is digitized and then converted into its frequency domain equivalent.

6. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 5 wherein said DC component data from said low pass filter is digitized and the digitized data is then converted into its frequency domain equivalent using a Fast Fourier Transform.

7. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 3 wherein said RF signals from said in-phase signal and a quadrature signal means in said transmitter means are transmitted to said target through an antenna means loaded with a lossless material having a dielectric constant of at least about 8 which permits formation of a narrow front lobe.

8. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 3 wherein said RF signals reflected from said target are received by antenna means substantially the same as the antenna means used to transmit said RF signals to said target.

9. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 3 wherein said antenna means further comprises a cylindrical cavity containing said lossless dielectric material and a grid covered with electromagnetic absorbing material capable of absorbing RF frequencies ranging from about 196 MHz to about 720 MHz and also capable of mitigating the formation of a back lobe in said antenna, with an electrode in said cavity separating said grid from said dielectric material.

10. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 3 wherein said RF signal generating means further comprises:

a) first and second RF signals;

b) means for dividing each of said first and second signals into first and second signal portions;

c) first mixer means for mixing the second signal portion of each of said first and second RF signals to provide said reference voltage to said receiving means;

d) means for connecting said first signal portion of said first RF signal with said means for forming said in-phase signal and quadrature RF signals; and

e) second mixer means for mixing the output of said first signal portion of said second RF signal with the output from said means for forming said in-phase signal and quadrature RF signals to form an RF signal to be transmitted to said target.

15. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 4 wherein said antenna means further comprise:

a) a cylindrical cavity having an inner conductive surface;

b) a cylindrical lossless dielectric material having a thickness of from about one third to about one half the depth of said cavity and having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said dielectric material to snugly fit into said cavity;

b) a cylindrical grid covered with electromagnetic absorbing material capable of absorbing RF frequencies ranging from about 196 MHz to about 720 MHz and also capable of mitigating the formation of a back lobe in said antenna, said cylindrical grid having a thickness of from about one third to about one half the depth of said cavity and having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said cylindrical grid to snugly fit into said cavity; and

c) a cylindrical electrode in said cavity separating said grid from said dielectric material, said cylindrical electrode having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said cylindrical grid to snugly fit into said cavity.

11. A stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system comprising:

a) RF signal generating means including;

i) means for generating an RF signal; and

ii) means for dividing said RF signal into first and second portions;

b) transmitting means for transmitting a first portion of said RF signal to a target spaced from said transmitting means comprising;

i) means for forming an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal from said first portion of said RF signal; and

ii) antenna means for transmitting said in-phase and quadrature RF signals to said target;

c) receiving means for receiving a reflected RF signal from said target comprising;

i) antenna means for receiving reflected in-phase and quadrature RF signals from said target; and

means for mixing said in-phase and said quadrature reflected RF signals with said second portion of said RF signal from said RF signal generating means comprising a single mixer; and

d) signal processing means for processing said signals to provide data indicating the depth and size of said target.

12. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 11 wherein said receiving means further comprise:

a) a low pass filter connected to the output of said single mixer and having a cutoff frequency lower than said RF signal frequency; and

b) a demodulator connected to the output of said low pass filter.

13. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 11 wherein said signal processing means further comprise:

a) means for forming digitized data from a DC component of said signal from said receiving means; and

b) means for processing said digitized data to provide frequency domain data representative of the depth and size of said target.

14. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 13 wherein said digitized data is processed into frequency domain data using a Fast Fourier Transform.

16. A stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system comprising:

a) RF signal generating means including;

i) means for generating a first RF signal;

ii) means for generating a second RF signal;

ii) means for controlling said RF signals, comprising a phase locked loop; and

iii) means for dividing each of said RF signals into a first RF signal portion to be transmitted and a second RF signal portion to act as a first reference RF signal; and

iv) first mixer means for mixing together said second RF signal portion of each of first and second RF signals to form said first RF reference signal;

b) transmitting means for transmitting a first portion of each of said first and second RF signals to a target spaced from said transmitting means comprising;

first isolator means for providing spectral purity in said first portion of said first RF signal;

means for forming an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal from said first portion of said first RF signal;

iii) second isolator means for providing spectral purity in said first portion of said second RF signal comprising a second RF reference signal;

iv) second mixer means for mixing said in-phase and said quadrature RF signals with said first portion of said second RF signal from said second isolator means comprising said second reference signal;

v) amplifier means for amplifying said signal from said second mixer means; and

vi) first antenna means for transmitting said amplified signal to said target;

c) receiving means for receiving a reflected RF signal from said target comprising;

i) second antenna means for receiving reflected signals, including said in-phase and quadrature RF signals, from said target;

ii) third mixer means for mixing said reflected signal from said target with said first RF reference signal portion from said first mixer;

iii) low pass filter means for filtering the output from said third mixer;

iv) amplifier means for amplifying the output signal from said low pass filter means;

v) means to demodulate the amplified output signal from said low pass filter means; and

d) signal processing means for processing said signals to provide data indicating the depth and size of said target.

17. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 16 wherein said signal processing means further comprise:

a) means for forming digitized data from a DC component of said signal from said receiving means; and

b) means for processing said digitized data to provide frequency domain data representative of the depth and size of said target.

18. The stepped frequency ground penetrating radar system of claim 16 wherein one or more of said first and second antenna means further comprise:

a) a cylindrical cavity having an inner conductive surface;

b) a cylindrical dielectric material having a thickness of from about one fifth to about one fourth the depth of said cavity and having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said dielectric material to snugly fit into said cavity;

b) a cylindrical grid covered with electromagnetic absorbing material capable of absorbing RF frequencies ranging from about 196 MHz to about 720 MHz and also capable of mitigating the formation of a back lobe in said antenna, said cylindrical grid having a thickness of from about two thirds to about three quarters of the depth of said cavity and having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said cylindrical grid to snugly fit into said cavity; and

c) a cylindrical electrode in said cavity separating said grid from said dielectric material, said cylindrical electrode having a diameter just slightly less than said cavity to permit said cylindrical grid to snugly fit into said cavity.