Fiber grating-based sensing system with interferometric wavelength-shift detection

• US 5,361,130 A
• Filed: 11/04/1992
• Issued: 11/01/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 11/04/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: the united states of america as represented by the secretary of the navy
• Original Assignee: the united states of america as represented by the secretary of the navy
• Inventors: Kersey, Alan D., Berkoff, Timothy A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Turner, Samuel A.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Wolfe, Russell C.
• Application Number:
  US07/971,117
• Time in Patent Office: 727 Days
• Field of Search: 356/345, 250/227.19, 250/227.27, 385/12, 385/14, 385/28, 350/96.14, 350/96.4
• US Class Current: 356/478
• CPC Class Codes: G01D 5/35303 using a reference fibre, e.g. interferometric devices

Abstract

A system for sensing a measurand field, the system comprising a source of broadband light, a sensor, an unbalanced optical interferometric apparatus, and a signal processor. The sensor produces an optical return signal having a wavelength functionally dependent on the measurand field. The interferometric apparatus produces an electrical interference output signal having a phase shift functionally dependent on the wavelength of the return signal, and the processor develops a processing signal indicative of the measurand field value.

Claims

1. A system for sensing a measurand field, the system comprising:

(a) source means for providing broadband light;

(b) sensing means responsive to the broadband light for producing an optical return signal having a wavelength functionally dependent on the measurand field and having a coherence length;

(c) unbalanced optical interferometric means responsive to the return signal for producing an electrical interference output signal having a phase shift functionally dependent on the wavelength of the return signal said interferometric means having optical path difference less than the coherence length of the return signal; and

(d) processing means functionally dependent on the phase shift of the electrical interference output signal for developing a processing signal indicative of the measurand field value.

2. The system according to claim 1 further comprising a means for isolating said source means from the return signal.

3. The system of claim 2 further comprising:

an optical fiber having a first position disposed apart from said sensing means, said optical fiber being coupled to said sensing means;

a first means for transmitting the broadband light to said first position;

a second means for transmitting the broadband light in said optical fiber from said first position to said sensing means;

a third means for transmitting the return signal in said optical fiber from said sensing means to said first position; and

a fiber coupling means for transmitting the return signal from said first position to said interferometric means.

4. The system according to claim 1 wherein said sensing means consists of a fiber optic sensor.

5. The system according to claim 4 wherein said sensing means further comprises a grating sensor.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein said interferometric means comprises:

an interferometer for generating first and second intermediate interferometric signals each responsive to the return signal, said interferometer producing first and second optical interference signals each dependent on the first and second intermediate interferometric signals;

first and second photodetection means for respectively converting the first and second optical interference signals to first and second electrical interference signals, respectively;

a difference amplifier means responsive to the first and second electrical interference signals for producing the electrical interference output signal.

7. The system according to claim 6 wherein said interferometric means further comprises feedback means responsive to the electrical interference output signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

8. The system of claim 6 wherein said interferometric means further comprises:

means for generating a modulation signal; and

means responsive to the modulation signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein said processing means further comprises:

means responsive to the electrical interference output signal for producing a filtered signal having frequency components within a selected band-width of the frequency of the modulation signal; and

comparison means responsive to the filtered signal and to the modulation signal for developing the processing signal.

10. The system of claim 1 wherein said interferometric means further comprises:

an interferometer for generating first and second intermediate interferometric signals each responsive to the return signal, said interferometric producing an optical interference signal dependent on the difference in phase between the first and second intermediate interferometric signals;

a photodetection means for converting the optical interference signal to an electrical interference output signal;

a means for generating a modulation signal; and

a means responsive to the modulation signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

11. The system according to claim 1 wherein said interferometric means comprises an unbalanced integrated optic modulator.

12. The system of claim 1 wherein:

said sensing means comprises a plurality of independently responsive sensing elements, said sensing means producing the return signal so that the return signal has a plurality of components, each component uniquely corresponding to one of said plurality of sensing elements and having wavelengths functionally dependent on the measurand field at said sensing element uniquely corresponding to said component; and

said processing means further comprises means for developing the processing signal so that the output signal is indicative of the measurand field value at a selected one of said plurality of sensing elements.

13. The system according to claim 12 wherein said source means provides a pulse train of broadband light.

16. The system of claim 13 wherein said sensing means of element (b) comprises means for producing a pulsed return signal, the pulses of the return signal being in one to one correspondence with the pulses of the broadband light.

14. A method for sensing a measruand field, the method comprising:

(a) a source step of providing broadband light;

(b) a sensing step responsive to the broadband light, said sensing step comprising producing an optical return signal having a wavelength functionally dependent on the measurand field and having a coherence length;

(c) an unbalanced optical interferometric step responsive to the return signal, said interferometric step comprising using an interferometer having optical path difference less than the coherence length of the return signal for producing an electrical interference output signal having a phase shift functionally dependent on the wavelength of the return signal; and

(d) a processing step functionally dependent on the phase shift of the electrical interference output signal, said processing step comprising developing a processing signal indicative of the measurand field value.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein:

said source step provides a pulse train of broadband light;

said sensing step further comprises producing the return signal so that the return signal has a plurality of components, each component uniquely corresponding to one of a plurality of sensing elements and being functionally dependent on the measurand field at said sensing element uniquely corresponding to said component; and

said processing step further comprises developing the processing signal so that the output signal is indicative of the measurand field value at a selected one of said plurality of sensing elements.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein said sensing step (b) further comprises producing a pulsed return signal, the pulses of the return signal being in one to one correspondence with the pulses of the broadband light.

18. A system for sensing a measurand field, the system comprising:

(a) source means for providing broadband light;

(b) sensing means responsive to the broadband light for producing an optical return signal having a wavelength functionally dependent on the measurand field and having a coherence length, said sensing means consisting of a grating sensor;

(c) unbalanced optical interferometric means responsive to the return signal for producing an electrical interference output signal having a phase shift functionally dependent on the wavelength of the return signal, said interferometric means having optical path difference less than the coherence length of the return signal; and

(d) processing means functionally dependent on the phase shift of the electrical interference output signal for developing a processing signal indicative of the measurand field value.

19. The system according to claim 18 further comprising a means for isolating said source means from the return signal.

20. The system of claim 19 further comprising:

an optical fiber having a first position disposed apart from said sensor means, said optical fiber being coupled to said sensing means;

first means for transmitting the broadband light to said first position;

second means for transmitting the broadband light in said optical fiber from said first position to said sensing means;

third means for transmitting the return signal in said optical fiber from said sensing means to said first position; and

fiber coupling means for transmitting the return signal from said first position to said interferometric means.

21. The system of claim 18 wherein said interferometric means comprises:

an interferometer for generating first and second intermediate interferometric signals each responsive to the return signal, said interferometer producing first and second optical interference signals each dependent on the first and second intermediate interferometric signals;

first and second photodetection means for respectively converting the first and second optical interference signals to first and second electrical interference signals, respectively;

difference amplifier means responsive to the first and second electrical interference signals for producing the electrical interference output signal.

22. The system according to claim 21 wherein said interferometric means further comprises feedback means responsive to the electrical interference output signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

23. The system of claim 21 wherein said interferometric means further comprises:

means for generating a modulation signal; and

means responsive to the modulation signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

24. The system of claim 23 wherein said processing means further comprises:

means responsive to the electrical interference output signal for producing a filtered signal having frequency components within a selected band-width of the frequency of the modulation signal; and

comparison means responsive to the filtered signal and to the modulation signal for developing the processing signal.

25. The system of claim 18 wherein said interferometric means further comprises:

an interferometer for generating first and second intermediate interferometric signals each responsive to the return signal, said interferometer producing an optical interference signal dependent on the difference in phase between the first and second intermediate interferometric signals;

photodetection means for converting the optical interference signal to an electrical interference output signal;

means for generating a modulation signal; and

means responsive to the modulation signal for modulating the phase of the first intermediate interferometric signal.

26. The system according to claim 18 wherein said interferometric means comprises an unbalanced integrated optic modulator.