Device and method for reducing number of data sample points sent to a video display system

• US 5,365,428 A
• Filed: 01/21/1992
• Issued: 11/15/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 01/21/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Quinton, Inc. (Pfizer Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Quinton Instrument Co. (Cardica Incorporated)
• Inventors: Kinghorn, Curtis D., dePinto, Victor M.
• Primary Examiner(s): KYLE, CHARLES R
• Assistant Examiner(s): Thomas, Joseph
• Application Number:
  US07/822,781
• Time in Patent Office: 1,029 Days
• Field of Search: 364/413.06, 364/413.01, 364/413.13, 364/483, 364/486, 364/487, 382/6, 128/702, 128/696, 128/697, 128/670, 128/705, 367/901
• US Class Current: 600/508
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/339 Displays specially adapted therefor
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7239 using differentiation including higher order derivatives
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 367/901 Noise or unwanted signal reduction in nonseismic receiving system

Abstract

A device is provided for reducing the number of ECG data sample points presented to a video display system to avoid overwhelming the video display screen with a number of ECG sample points and to present several seconds of data on the screen at the same time. The device ensures that the maximum and minimum values of the original ECG signal are displayed. A collection of consecutive points is broken into sub-groups which are each processed to produce representative amplitude values for each sub-group which representative values are then displayed on the display screen.

In the preferred embodiment, the device includes a microprocessor with electronic memory which calculates a representative amplitude value for each sub-group. The representative amplitude value is chosen depending on whether the sub-group contains a local maximum or a minimum in the values of consecutively sampled points or whether the data points of the sub-group are part of a curve leading to a local maximum or minimum. If the local minimum or maximum value of the sub-group appear between the end points of the sub-group, the maximum or minimum value of the sub-group is passed to the output depending on whether the curve is convex or concave shaped respectively.

Claims

1. A device for converting an input digital electrocardiograph (ECG) signal sampled at a first rate to an output digital ECG signal sampled at a second rate where the first rate is higher than the second rate, the output signal made of a series of representative amplitude values for further processing or display, the output signal being representative of the input signal presented to the device, the input signal made up of a series of N sampled input amplitude values X_n (n-1 to N), the output signal preserving the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the input signal on the range of the sampled input amplitude values X_n, the output signal presented to an output terminal, the device comprising:

a) means for extracting seriatim N sample amplitude values X_n from an input signal and storing said sample input amplitude values X_n in an electronic memory means, said N sampled input amplitude values X_n having a first amplitude end point and a second amplitude end point at X₁ and X_N, respectively, and a middle sample;

b) means, implemented on a central processing unit, for determining the shape of a curve formed by plotting said sample input amplitude values versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter sequentially connecting said plotted input amplitude values;

c) means for transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample group appear at said first and second end points, regardless of order;

d) means for transferring the minimum amplitude value of said sample group to the output terminal if said curve is concave shaped; and

,

e) means for transferring the maximum amplitude value of said sample group to the output terminal if said curve is convex shaped.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for determining the shape of said curve includes:

a) means, implemented on said central processing unit, for calculating the second derivative of said curve; and

,

b) means implemented on said central processing unit, for comparing the amplitude values of said first and second end points to the amplitude values of said sample points intermediate said first and second end points and for;

i) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample group appear at said first and second end points, regardless of order;

ii) transferring the minimum amplitude value of said sample group to the output terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample group do not appear at said first and second end points and the second derivative of said curve is greater than zero; and

,

iii) transferring the maximum amplitude value of said sample group to the output terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample group do not appear at said first and second end points and the second derivative of said curve is less than zero.

3. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for determining the shape of said curve includes:

a) means for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, said means for storing the maximum amplitude value initialized to contain the amplitude value of S₁ ;

b) means for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, said means for storing the minimum amplitude value initialized to contain the amplitude value of S₁ ;

c) means, implemented on said central processing unit, for determining the first derivative of a line formed by plotting the points S_k and S_k+1 versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 by a straight line and for determining the first derivative of a line formed by plotting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 by a straight line where K varies incrementally from 1 to N-2;

d) means, implemented on said central processing unit, for incrementally comparing the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 to the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+2 where K varies incrementally from 1 to N-2;

e) means, implemented on said central processing unit and enabled when the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 is different than the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2, for comparing the amplitude value of S_k+1 to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value and to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value and, if the amplitude value of S_k+1 is larger or smaller than the amplitude values stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value and to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value, respectively, for replacing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value with the amplitude value of S₃₀ 1 and for replacing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value with the amplitude value of S₃₀ 1, respectively, and then incrementing the value of "k" so that the value of the first derivative may be recalculated;

f) means, enabled when k-N-2, for comparing the amplitude value of S_N to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value;

g) means, enabled in response to a determination that the amplitude value of S_N is larger than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value, for comparing the amplitude value of S₁ to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value and for;

i) transferring the amplitude value stored in the said means for storing the minimum amplitude value to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is not equal to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum; and

,

ii) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is equal to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum;

h) means, enabled in response to a determination that the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value, for comparing the amplitude value of S_N to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value;

i) means, enabled if both the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value and the amplitude value of S_N is not less than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value, for calculating the second derivative of the curve formed by connecting said sample input amplitude values and for;

1) transferring the amplitude value stored in the said means for storing the minimum amplitude value to the output terminal if said second derivative is greater than zero;

2) transferring the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value to the output terminal if said second derivative is greater than or equal to zero;

j) means, enabled if the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value and the amplitude value of S_N is less than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value, for comparing the amplitude value of S₁ to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value, and for;

i) transferring the amplitude value stored in the said means for storing the maximum amplitude value to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is not equal to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value;

ii) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is equal to the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value.

4. The device of claim 3 further comprising:

a) means, enabled in response to a determination that the sign of the lines formed by connecting the sample point S_k and S_k+1 is not the same as the sign of the first derivative of the line formed by connecting S_k+1 and S_k+2 for k-1 to N-2 incrementally, for storing an indicator indicating that the sign of the lines formed by connecting the sample point S_k and S_k+1 is not the same as the sign of the first derivative of the line formed by connecting S_k+1 and S_k+2 for k-1 to N-2 incrementally; and

,

b) means, enabled when k-N-2, for transferring the amplitude value of the middle sample of said sample group to the output terminal if said means for storing an indicator does not contain said indicator indicating that the sign of the lines formed by connecting the sample point S_l and S_k+1 is not the same as the sign of the first derivative of the line formed by connecting S_k+1 and S_k+2 for k-1 to N-2 incrementally.

5. The device of claim 1 wherein said middle sample is X.sub.(1+N)2 if N is odd.

6. The device of claim 5 wherein said middle sample is X_m if N is even where m is the integer value formed by truncating (1+N)/2 to the next lowest integer value.

7. The device of claim 5 wherein said middle sample is X_m if N is even where m is the integer value formed by rounding (1+N)/2 up to the next highest integer value.

8. The device of claim 1 wherein said sample input amplitude values X_n are consecutively sampled in time.

9. The device of claim 2 wherein said second derivative is calculated by adding the amplitude values of said first and second amplitude endpoints and then subtracting twice the amplitude value of said middle sample amplitude.

10. The device of claim 3 wherein said second derivative is calculated by adding the amplitude values of said first and second amplitude endpoints and then subtracting twice the amplitude value of said middle sample amplitude.

11. The device of claim 1 wherein said central processing unit is a digital central processing unit.

12. The device of claim 11 wherein said digital central processing unit is a microprocessor.

13. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for extracting and storing includes an analog to digital converter connected to said central processing unit for controlling said analog to digital converter to extract the N pieces of sample input amplitude values at a first sample rate and for controlling said electronic memory means to store said N pieces of sample input amplitude values.

14. The device of claim 2 wherein said means for comparing and transferring includes:

a) electronic memory means for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

b) electronic memory means for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

c) electronic memory means for storing an indicator representative of whether the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one end of said amplitude end points of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

d) electronic memory means for storing an indicator representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

e) means for initially placing the amplitude value of said first amplitude end point in both said means for storing the maximum amplitude value and in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value;

f) means for initially placing an indicator in both said means for storing an indicator representative of whether the maximum amplitude value appears at one of said amplitude end points and in said means for storing an indicator representative of whether the minimum amplitude value appears at one of said amplitude end points, said indicator representing that a maximum amplitude value and a minimum amplitude value, respectively, appear at one of said amplitude end points of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

g) means for comparing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value to each of the amplitude values of said sampled input amplitude values X_k exclusive of said first endpoint and, if the amplitude value of the compared said sampled input amplitude value X_l is larger than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value, for;

1) replacing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value with the amplitude value of the compared said sampled input amplitude value X_k ; and

also,

2) updating the indicator stored in said means for storing representative of whether the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points to indicate that the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said end points unless the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n exclusive of said first amplitude endpoint appears at said second amplitude end point;

h) means for comparing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value to each of the amplitude values of said sampled input amplitude values X_k exclusive of said first amplitude endpoint and, if the amplitude value of the compared said sampled input amplitude value X_k is smaller than the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value, for;

1) replacing the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value with the amplitude value of the compared said sampled input amplitude values X_k ; and

also,

2) updating the indicator stored in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points to indicate that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said amplitude end points unless the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n exclusive of said first amplitude end point appears at said second amplitude endpoint;

i) means for calculating the second derivative of said N sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

j) means for transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample of said N sampled input amplitude values X_n as the representative data point for said N sampled input amplitude values X_n to the output terminal if both of the following conditions occurs;

1) said indicator stored in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ; and

,

2) said indicator stored in said means for storing representative of whether the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears of one of said amplitude end points of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

k) means for transferring the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the maximum amplitude value to the output terminal as the representative data point for said N sampled input amplitude values X_n if either of the following conditions occurs;

1) a) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said amplitude end points, and,

b) said second derivative is less than zero;

2) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does appear at one of said amplitude end points; and

,

b) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said amplitude end points; and

,

c) said second derivative is less than zero;

l) means for transferring the amplitude value stored in said means for storing the minimum amplitude value to the output terminal as the representative data point for said N sampled input amplitude values X_n if either of the following conditions occurs;

1) a) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said amplitude end points; and

,

b) said second derivative is not less than zero;

2) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does appear at one of said amplitude end points; and

,

b) said indicator in said means for storing representative of whether the maximum amplitude value of said amplitude sampled input amplitude values X_n appears at one of said amplitude end points indicates that the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n does not appear at one of said amplitude end points; and

,

c) said second derivative is not less than zero.

15. The device of claim 1 wherein said sample group contains a predetermined number of sample points which are part of the immediately prior and immediately later sample groups and wherein said sample group overlaps said immediately prior and immediately later sample groups.

16. The device of claim 15 wherein the predetermined number of sample points is one sample point.

17. A method for converting an input digital electrocardiograph (ECG) signal sampled at a first rate to a digital ECG output signal sampled at a second rate where the first rate is higher than the second rate, the output signal made of a series of representative amplitude values for further processing or display, the output signal being representative of the input signal presented to the device, the input signal made up of a series of N sampled input amplitude values X_n (n-1 to N), the output signal preserving the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the input signal on the range of the sampled input amplitude values X_n, the output signal presented to an output terminal, the method comprising the steps of:

a) extracting seriatim N sample input amplitude values X_N from an input signal and storing said sample input amplitude values X_n in an electronic memory means, said N sampled input amplitude values having a first and a second end point at X₁ and X_N, respectively, and a middle sample;

b) determining, on a central processing unit, the maximum and the minimum amplitude values of the N sampled input amplitude values;

c) determining, on a central processing unit, the shape of a curve formed by plotting said sample input amplitude values versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter sequentially connecting said plotted input amplitude values;

d) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample group appear at said first and second end points, regardless of order;

e) transferring the minimum amplitude value of said sample group to the terminal if said curve is concave shaped; and

,

f) transferring the maximum amplitude value of said sample group to the terminal if said curve is convex shaped.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said step of determining the shape of said curve includes the steps of:

a) calculating, on said central processing unit, the second derivative of said sample input amplitude values X_n ; and

,

b) comparing, on said central processing unit, the amplitude values of said first and second end points to the amplitude values of said sample input amplitude values intermediate said first and second end points and for;

i) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if both maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample input amplitude values X_n appear at said first and second end points, regardless of order;

ii) transferring the minimum amplitude value of said sample input amplitude values to the output terminal if both the maximum and minimum amplitude values of said sample input

19. The method of claim 17 wherein said steps of determining the shape of said curve includes the steps of:

a) initially storing, in an electronic memory register designated for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of sample S₁ ;

b) initially storing, in an electronic memory register designated for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of sample S₁ ;

c) determining, on said central processing unit, incrementally as K varies from 1 to N-2, the first derivative of the line formed by plotting the points S_k and S_k+1 versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 by a straight line,

d) determining, on said central processing unit, incrementally as K varies from 1 to N-2, the first derivative of the line formed by plotting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 versus an indicia representing the order that the sampled input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 by a straight line;

e) comparing, on said central processing unit, incrementally as K varies from 1 N-2, the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 to the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 ;

f) storing, in response to a determination that the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 is different than the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 and a determination that the amplitude value of S_k+1 is larger than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of S_k+1 in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

g) storing, in response to a determination that the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k and S_k+1 is different than the sign of said first derivative of the line formed by connecting the points S_k+1 and S_k+2 and a determination that the amplitude value of S_k+1 is smaller than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of S_k+1 in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

h) comparing, when k-N-2, the amplitude value of S_N to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

i) comparing, in response to a determination that the amplitude value of S_N is larger than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of S₁ to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n and;

A) transferring the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is not equal to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ; and

,

B) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is equal to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

j) comparing, in response to a determination that the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of S_N to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

A) calculating, if both the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n and the amplitude value of S_N is not less than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the second derivative of the curve formed by connecting said sample input amplitude values and;

1) transferring the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n to the output terminal if said second derivative is greater than zero;

2) transferring the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n to the output terminal if said second derivative is greater than or equal to zero;

k) comparing, if the amplitude value of S_N is not larger than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n and the amplitude value of S_N is less than the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the minimum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n, the amplitude value of S₁ to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n and;

A) transferring the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is not equal to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

B) transferring the amplitude value of said middle sample to the output terminal if the amplitude value of S₁ is equal to the amplitude value stored in said electronic memory register for storing the maximum amplitude value of said sampled input amplitude values X_n.

20. A device for converting an input electrocardiograph (ECG) signal to an output ECG signal made of a series of representative amplitude values for further processing or display, the output signal being representative of an input ECG signal presented to the device, the input ECG signal made up of a series of N sampled input amplitude values X_n (n-1 to N), the ECG output signal preserving the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the ECG input signal on the range of the sampled input amplitude values X_n, the output signal presented to an output terminal, the device comprising:

a) an analog to digital converter for sampling seriatim an input analog ECG signal and for producing N pieces of digital sample input amplitude values X_n from the input ECG signal, the N pieces of sampled input amplitude values X_n having a first and a second end point at X₁ and X_N, respectively, and a middle sample;

b) random access memory means for storing the digital sample input amplitude values X_n, for preserving the order of the sampled input values, and for identifying the middle sample;

c) means, implemented on a central processing unit, for examining the sampled input amplitude values X_n and selecting therefrom a maximum and a minimum amplitude value of the sampled input amplitude values X_n ;

d) means, implemented on a central processing unit, for determining whether a curve, formed by plotting amplitude values of the sample input amplitude values versus the order the sample input amplitude values were sampled and thereafter sequentially connecting the sample input amplitude values, is concave, convex or straight;

e) means for;

i) transferring the amplitude value of the middle sample to the output terminal if both the maximum amplitude value and the minimum amplitude value of the sample input amplitude values appear at the first and second end points, X₁ and X_N, respectively, regardless of order;

ii) transferring the minimum amplitude value of the sample input amplitude values to the output terminal if the means for determining whether a curve formed determines that the curve formed is concave shaped; and

,

iii) transferring the maximum amplitude value of the sample input amplitude values to the output terminal if the means for determining whether a curve formed determines that the curve formed is convex shaped.

21. A method for converting, a digital electrocardiograph (ECG) signal sampled at a first rate to an ECG signal sampled at a second rate where the first rate is higher than the second rate and for preserving the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the digital ECG signal sampled at the first rate in the digital ECG signal sampled at the second rate comprising the steps of:

receiving, at an input terminal, a digital ECG signal sampled at a first sample rate;

examining a seriatim portion of the ECG signal sampled at the first rate and presented to the input terminal, the portion having a beginning endpoint, an ending endpoint and a middle point and determining whether the amplitudes of the portion;

are monotonically increasing in amplitude, are monotonically decreasing in amplitude, have a highest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints or have a lowest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

transferring a representative amplitude to an output terminal at a second sample rate that is lower than the first sample rate, the representative amplitude determined in response to the step of determining, the representative amplitude being;

i) the middle point amplitude if the step of determining determines that the amplitudes of the portion are monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing in amplitude;

ii) the highest amplitude value if the step of determining determines that the highest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

iii) the lowest amplitude value if the step of determining determines that the lowest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

whereby the series of representative amplitudes transferred to the output terminal by the step of transferring a representative amplitude produces a digital ECG signal that preserves the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the digital ECG signal sampled at the first rate.

22. Apparatus for converting, in real time, a digital electrocardiograph signal sampled at a first rate to an electrocardiograph signal sampled at a second rate where the first rate is higher than the second rate and for preserving the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the digital electrocardiograph signal sampled at the first rate in the digital electrocardiograph signal sampled at the second rate comprising:

an input terminal for receiving the electrocardiograph signal sampled at the first sample rate;

an output terminal for transferring the electrocardiograph signal sampled at the second sample rate to a video display device for display;

means, attached to the input terminal, for examining a seriatim portion of the electrocardiograph signal sampled at the first rate, the portion having a beginning endpoint, an ending endpoint and a middle point, and for determining whether the amplitudes of the portion;

are monotonically increasing in amplitude, are monotonically decreasing in amplitude, have a highest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints, or have a lowest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

means for transferring a representative amplitude to the output terminal at the second sample rate that is lower than the first sample rate, the second sample rate being the rate required to provide amplitudes to a video display device for display, the representative amplitude determined in response to the determination of the means for examining and determining, the representative amplitude being;

i) the middle point amplitude if the means for examining and determining determines that the amplitude of the portion are monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing in amplitude;

ii) the highest amplitude value if the means for examining and determining determines that the highest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

ii) the lowest amplitude value if the means for examining and determining determines that the lowest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints.

23. Apparatus for converting analog electrocardiograph (ECG) signals to an ECG signal sampled at a rate compatible with external devices comprising:

an input terminal for receiving the analog ECG input signal;

means for sampling the analog ECG input signal at a first rate and for producing a digital ECG input signal;

an output terminal for transferring the digital ECG signal to an external device;

means, attached to the means for sampling, for examining a seriatim portion of the ECG signal sampled at the first rate, the portion having a beginning endpoint, and ending endpoint and a middle point, and for determining whether the digital amplitudes of the portion;

are monotonically increasing in amplitude, are monotonically decreasing in amplitude, have a highest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints, or have a lowest amplitude value located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

means for transferring a representative amplitude to said output terminal at a second sample rate for transferring the electrocardiograph signal sampled at the second sample rate to an external device for further processing or display, the representative amplitude value determined in response to the determination of the means for examining and determining, the representative amplitude being;

i) the middle point amplitude if the means for examining and determining determines that the digital amplitudes of the portion are monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing in amplitude;

ii) the highest amplitude value if the means for examining and determining determines that the highest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints;

iii) the lowest amplitude value if the means for examining and determining determines that the lowest amplitude value is located between the beginning and the ending endpoints.