Emission-transmission imaging system using single energy and dual energy transmission and radionuclide emission data

• US 5,376,795 A
• Filed: 10/09/1992
• Issued: 12/27/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 07/09/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Heanue, Joseph A., Lang, Thomas F., Gould, Robert G., Cann, Christopher E., Hasegawa, Bruce H., Brown, J. Keenan
• Primary Examiner(s): FIELDS, CAROLYN
• Application Number:
  US07/958,980
• Time in Patent Office: 809 Days
• Field of Search: 364/413.19, 364/413.21, 364/413.22, 364/413.24, 250/363.04, 250/369
• US Class Current: 250/363.04
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/5235 combining images from the same or different ionising radiation imaging techniques, e.g. PET and CT
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1611 using both transmission and emission sources sequentially SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1615 using both transmission and emission sources simultaneously SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1642 using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1647 Processing of scintigraphic data not related to a particular imaging system G01T1/2992
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1648 Ancillary equipment for scintillation cameras, e.g. reference markers, devices for removing motion artifacts, calibration devices adapted for flow studies G01T1/1647
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2985 In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis); using external radiation sources A61B6/02
• CPC Class Codes: H05G 1/60 Circuit arrangements for obtaining a series of X-ray photographs or for X-ray cinematography

Abstract

Radionuclide emission imaging is improved by correcting emission-transmission data for attenuation along calculated path lengths and through calculated basis material. X-ray transmission data are used to develop an attenuation map through an object which is then used in reconstructing an image based on emission data, Radiation detection circuitry is provided which has different operating modes in detecting the x-ray and emission photons passing through the object. An iterative process is used to reconstruct the radionuclide distribution using the radionuclide projection data and the attenuation map based on physical characteristics of the object being imaged. Subsets of the complete radionuclide projection data are used to reconstruct image subsets of the radionuclide distribution. The image subsets can be generated concurrently with the acquisition of the radionuclide projection data or following acquisition of all data.

Claims

1. An emission-transmission imaging system comprising

a) a radiation source for emitting a photon spectrum,

b) detector means for selectively detecting photons corresponding to said photon spectrum and photons corresponding to radionuclide emission,

c) means for positioning said radiation source facing said detector means with an object positionable therebetween, said object having a radionuclide therein,

d) data acquisition means connected with said detector means for receiving transmission signals from said detector means representative of the photon spectrum photons and radionuclide signals representative of detected radionuclide emission signals, said data acquisition means including pulse counting circuitry operable at low count rates and high energy resolution for radionuclide emission detection, pulse counting circuitry operable at high count rates and moderate energy resolution for simultaneous radionuclide emission and transmission detection, and current mode circuitry operable at very high count rates without energy resolution for transmission detection,

e) computer means for receiving and processing said transmission signals and developing an attenuation map for photons, said computer means receiving and processing said radionuclide signals using said attenuation map for attenuation correction and producing image signals of distribution of a radionuclide in an object positioned between said radiation source and said detector means, and

f) display means responsive to said image signals.

2. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 1 wherein said computer means processes said transmission signals by reconstructing an image of at least one slice through an object using computed tomography (CT) attenuation coefficients developed from said photon signals.

3. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 2 wherein said computer means processes said radionuclide signals using said attenuation map to correct for at least one of photon attenuation, scattered radiation, and partial volume effects.

4. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 3 wherein said computer means receives and processes transmission signals from said detector means representative of a detected photon spectrum passed through a phantom for providing calibration data used in developing said attenuation map.

5. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 4 wherein said computer means iteratively processes said transmission signals and said radionuclide signals to reconstruct image signals of radionuclide distribution.

6. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 5 wherein said computer means uses subsets of complete radionuclide signals to reconstruct image subsets of radionuclide distribution which are combined to produce said image signals.

7. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 6 wherein said computer means reconstructs said image subsets concurrently with the acquisition of said radionuclide signals.

8. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 7 wherein said data acquisition means includes means for switching said pulse counting circuitry.

9. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 1 wherein said data acquisition means includes means for switching said pulse counting circuitry.

10. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 1 wherein said computer means iteratively processes said transmission signals and said radionuclide signals to reconstruct image signals of radionuclide distribution.

11. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 10 wherein said computer means uses subsets of complete radionuclide signals to reconstruct image subsets of radionuclide distribution which are combined to produce said image signals.

12. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 11 wherein said computer means reconstructs said image subsets concurrently with the acquisition of said radionuclide signals.

13. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 1 wherein said detector means comprises a single detector for photons.

14. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 1 wherein said detector means includes a first detector for photons from said radiation source and a second detector for photons from said radionuclide.

15. An emission-transmission imaging system comprising:

a) an x-ray source for emitting an x-ray photon spectrum,

b) an x-ray detector operated in the current-mode for detecting x-ray photons from the x-ray source,

c) a radionuclide detector operated in the pulse-counting more for detecting photons corresponding to radionuclide emission,

d) means for positioning the x-ray source facing the x-ray detector with an object containing a radionuclide between the x-ray source and the x-ray detector,

e) means for maintaining relative positions of the x-ray detector and the radionuclide detector,

f) an x-ray data acquisition system connected with the x-ray detector for receiving transmission signals from the x-ray detector,

g) a radionuclide data acquisition system connected with the radionuclide detector for receiving emission signals from the radionuclide detector, representative of the radionuclide emission from the object,

h) means for producing signals to maintain relative positions of x-ray and radionuclide data,

i) computer means for receiving and processing the transmission signals and developing an attenuation map, and receiving and processing the radionuclide signals and producing image signals of distribution of a radionuclide of the object positioned between the x-ray source and the x-ray detector and radionuclide detector,

j) a display system responsive to the image signals, and

k) means for maintaining relative positions of said object with said x-ray detector and said radionuclide detector.

20. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 15 wherein said computer means processes said transmission signals by reconstructing an image of at least one slice through an object using computed tomography (CT) attenuation coefficients developed from said transmission signals.

21. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 20 wherein said computer means processes said radionuclide signals using said attenuation map to correct for at least one of photon attenuation, scattered radiation, and partial volume effects.

22. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 21 wherein said computer means iteratively processes said transmission signals and said radionuclide signals to reconstruct image signals of radionuclide distribution.

23. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by claim 22 wherein said computer means reconstructs image subsets concurrently with acquisition of said radionuclide signals.

16. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined by 15 wherein the radionuclide data acquisition system has multiple energy windows and counters to receive and process the radionuclide detector signals.

17. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined in 15 wherein the radionuclide detector is scintillation camera.

18. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined in 15 wherein the x-ray detector includes a material selected from the group consisting of at least one of cadmium tungstate, cesium iodide, bismuth germanate, gadolinium oxysulfide, germanium, cadmium telluride, zinc cadmium telluride, lead iodide, mercuric iodide, and sodium iodide.

19. The emission-transmission imaging system as defined in 15 wherein a shaped filter is placed between the x-ray source and the object while the object is scanned to compensate for differences in x-ray absorption across the object.

24. An emission-transmission imaging system comprising

a) a radiation source for emitting a photon spectrum,

b) detector means for selectively detecting photons corresponding to said photon spectrum and photons corresponding to radionuclide emission,

c) means for positioning said radiation source facing said detector means with an object positionable therebetween, said object having a radionuclide distribution therein,

d) data acquisition means connected with said detector means for receiving signals from said detector means representative of the detected photon spectrum photons and radionuclide signals representative of detected radionuclide emission signals,

e) computer means for receiving photon spectrum signals and for receiving said radionuclide signals,

f) first processing means for developing an attenuation map from said photon spectrum signals,

g) second processing means for constructing objective functions from subsets of said radionuclide signals,

h) algorithm means for iteratively seeking an extremum of said objective functions to calculate image estimates of said radionuclide distribution contained in said object, and

i) means for altering said subsets of said radionuclide signals and said objective functions to incorporate subsequently measured signals.

25. The system as defined by claim 24 wherein said computer means processes acquired subsets of radionuclides signals concurrently with acquisition of additional subsets of radionuclide signals.

26. The system as defined in claim 25 wherein said objective functions incorporates a physical characteristic selected from one of the following physical characteristics:

i) an approximation of the spatial response function of said emission-transmission imaging system,

ii) an approximation of the photon attenuation properties of said object from said attenuation map, and

iii) an approximation of the photon scattering properties of said object.

27. The system as defined by claim 26 wherein said objective functions include regularization terms that express prior knowledge of plausible attributes of said image estimates that cannot be inferred from projection measurements and said physical characteristics of the emission-transmission imaging system or said object.

28. The system as defined in claim 24 wherein said objective functions include at least one of maximum-likelihood or weighted least-squares functions.

29. The system as defined in claim 24 wherein said processing means for constructing said objective functions is started with a uniform image estimate and said subsets of radionuclide signals.

30. The system as defined in claim 29 wherein said processing means updates said objective functions and said image estimates incorporating additional subsets of radionuclide signals with existing subsets of radionuclide signals in subsequent iterative processes.

31. The system as defined in claim 30 wherein said iterative processes are continued until they include all said subsets of radionuclide signals.

32. The system as defined in claim 24 wherein said processing means for constructing objective functions uses a uniform image estimate and a single subset of radionuclide signals.

33. The system as defined in claim 32 wherein said processing means is repeated for each of said subsets of radionuclide signals.

34. The system as defined in claim 33 wherein said images estimates formed from said subsets of radionuclide signals are combined as a weighted linear combination of pixels from said image estimates.

35. The system as defined in claim 34 wherein said weighted linear combination is formed by multiplying said image estimates by the probability that said radionuclide photons are detected in said subset of radionuclide signals.

36. The system as defined in claim 35 wherein said objective functions include a physical characteristic selected from the following group of physical characteristics of said emission imaging system and said object:

i) an approximation of the spatial response function of said emission imaging system,

ii) an approximation of the photon attenuation properties of said object, and

iii) an approximation of the photon scattering properties of said object.

37. The system as defined in claim 36 wherein iterative reconstruction algorithms are applied to the image estimates calculated from said subsets of radionuclide signals.