Method and apparatus for detecting and decoding transponder reply signals

• US 5,387,915 A
• Filed: 11/16/1993
• Issued: 02/07/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 11/16/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: L-3 Communications Avionics Systems Incorporated (L3Harris Technologies, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Bfgoodrich Flightsystems Incorporated
• Inventors: Thwaits, Richard, Moussa, Joseph, Schleder, William E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sotomayor, John B.
• Application Number:
  US08/153,723
• Time in Patent Office: 448 Days
• Field of Search: 342/40, 342/32, 342/37, 342/46
• US Class Current: 342/40
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/784 Coders or decoders therefor; Degarbling systems; Defruiting systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/02 using radio waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/2886 using I/Q processing

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for detecting and decoding transponder reply signals of the type having a plurality of associated time discrete pulses including two bracket pulses and a number of related data pulses that may have been transmitted at discrete data time intervals between the bracket pulses such that the signal content detected during the data time intervals corresponds to the reply signal data code, comprising receiver means for receiving the reply signals and producing in-phase (I), quadrature (Q) phase and video (V) signals for each received pulse; means for detecting received pulses and storing the I/Q/V signals in a first memory; means for storing in a second memory pointer values that correspond to the temporal location of pulse I/Q/V signals in the first memory; means for identifying, based on time of arrival (TOA) values, pairs of potential bracket pulses wherein each pair marks the beginning and end of a reply code; and processor means for 1) determining an angle of arrival (AOA) value for each detected pulse based on each pulse'"'"'s I and Q signals, 2) selecting a reference pulse for each potential bracket pair based on relative amplitudes of the bracket pair, and 3) identifying data pulses, associated with the reply signal and detected between occurrence of the bracket pulses, based on the reference pulse to provide the reply code. Such apparatus also provides for a determination of confidence factors relating to each detected pulse and each data value assigned to a data time interval of the reply code. Such apparatus further provides for pulse sharing, pulse claiming, reply code modification and false reply identification and deletion.

Claims

1. A method for detecting and identifying a transponder reply signal of the type having a plurality of associated time discrete pulses including two bracket pulses and a number of related data pulses that may have been transmitted at discrete data time intervals between the bracket pulses such that the signal content detected during the data time intervals corresponds to the reply signal data code, comprising the steps of:

a. producing a video signal for each received pulse;

b. detecting potential bracket and data pulses based on said video signals;

c. pairing bracket pulses that mark the beginning and end of a reply signal code based on time of arrival (TOA) of said detected pulses;

d. identifying a reference pulse from said bracket pulses based on relative amplitude of said bracket pulses; and

e. identifying data pulses, associated with said reply signal and detected between occurrence of said bracket pulses, based on said reference pulse to provide the reply code.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of determining which data time intervals included an associated data pulse and which data time intervals did not include an associated data pulse, and assigning data values to each time interval accordingly to produce the reply code.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein a receiver is used to receive a number of reply signals that can overlap in time, with said method being used to identify each reply signal and each reply signal'"'"'s associated pulses.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein pulses received from overlapping reply signals may be garbled due to overlapping reply signals, and wherein the pulse matching steps of pairing bracket pulses and associating data pulses to a respective reply signal include having garbled pulses shared by more than one reply signal.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein said pulse matching steps respectively include the steps of tracking shared pulses so that when a pulse is claimed by a reply signal, said claimed pulse is removed from all other reply signals that had shared said claimed pulse.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of assigning a confidence factor to each pulse identified as belonging to a reply and assigning a confidence factor to each data time interval.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein each pulse received by a directional antenna is used to produce in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) signals that correspond to bearing of the reply signal received by the directional antenna, said confidence factor for each data pulse associated with a reply signal received by said directional antenna being based on a comparison of the I and Q signals and amplitude signals of said data pulse with the corresponding reference signal of said reply.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein a high confidence factor is assigned to a data pulse that cleanly matches a reference pulse;

a low confidence factor is assigned to a data pulse that is not cleanly matched to a reference pulse;

a high confidence factor is assigned to a data time interval that had no pulse present therein, and a low confidence factor is assigned to a data time interval from which a shared pulse was removed.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising, after all reply signals and associated pulses have been identified, the steps of:

a. producing a reply code for each reply signal by assigning a data value to each data time interval based on whether an associated pulse was present or not present during said time interval; and

b. assigning to each time interval data value a garble bit that corresponds to the confidence factor assigned to the associated pulse when the data value is based on a pulse present in that time interval, and that corresponds to the confidence factor assigned to the time interval when an associated pulse was not present during that time interval.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein each garble bit has one of two values corresponding to high and low confidence that the data value assigned to a time interval is correct.

11. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of assigning a respective garble bit to each data value wherein each garble bit corresponds to a confidence factor that the data value has been correctly assigned to its corresponding data time interval.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the step of determining said confidence factor for a data value based on the absence of a data pulse during its corresponding time interval comprises the steps of assigning a high confidence factor if no pulse was detected during the corresponding time interval, and assigning a low confidence factor if a pulse was detected during the corresponding time interval but thereafter cleanly claimed by a different reply signal.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein said step of determining said confidence factor for a data value based on a pulse present during the corresponding time interval comprises the steps of using a directional antenna to detect reply signal pulses so that in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) signals can be produced for each reply signal from the directional antenna, determining an angle of arrival (AOA) value from said I/Q signals and an amplitude value from said video signals for each data pulse and associated reference pulse.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein a confidence factor for a data pulse comprises a signal that indicates whether the data pulse is clean or garbled based on said amplitude and AOA values of the detected pulse relative to said reference pulse values.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein a data pulse is flagged as clean if its amplitude and AOA values are within first corresponding gates about said reference pulse values.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein a data pulse is flagged as garbled if its amplitude is above or below second corresponding gates about said reference pulse values, and is rejected if below a third corresponding gate about said reference pulse values.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein a data pulse is taken out of circulation as a pulse matched to a reference pulse if said data pulse is clean relative to said reference pulse, and the corresponding bracket pair is verified as valid when a clean data pulse is matched therewith.

18. The method of claim 16 wherein a data pulse is flagged as garbled when its AOA value is outside an AOA gate about said reference pulse AOA gate.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein a data pulse flagged as garbled and associated with a reply is tracked as a shared pulse and remains in circulation and can be matched to other reference pulses based on said amplitude and AOA values.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein said bracket pulses are matched to a reply signal as a bracket pair based on relative time of arrival (TOA) values and relative amplitude values, and further based on relative quality of their corresponding I and Q signals when received by a directional antenna.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein a potential bracket pair is identified based on relative TOA values.

22. The method of claim 21 further comprising the step of determining an I/Q value for each potential bracket pulse received by the directional antenna, said I/Q value being computed as a value corresponding to the bearing of a vector defined by said I and Q signals.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein a potential bracket pair is rejected if relative amplitudes of the pulses are outside a predetermined gate or if both potential bracket pair pulses have I/Q values that are garbled.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein a reply signal received by the directional antenna is available for pulse association if at least one of its potential bracket pulses has a clean I/Q value and the potential bracket pulses have relative amplitudes within said gate;

and wherein a reply signal received by a non-directional antenna is available for pulse association if its potential bracket pulses have relative amplitudes within a predetermined gate.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein a clean I/Q value of a bracket pulse is determined as an I/Q value being within a predetermined gate about a unit radius circle defined by the I and Q signals of the bracket pulse, and wherein a garbled I/Q value is an I/Q value that is outside said predetermined gate.

26. The method of claim 20 wherein said reference pulse is selected to be the bracket pulse having the lesser amplitude when both bracket pulses exhibit clean I/Q values;

and said reference pulse is selected to be the bracket pulse having the lesser amplitude when I/Q information is unavailable.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein said reference pulse is determined to have an amplitude that is the average of said two matched bracket pulses if said amplitudes are within a predetermined amount of each other.

28. The method of claim 1 wherein said reply code comprises a four digit octal code of altitude information transmitted by an aircraft in response to an interrogation.

29. The method of claim 1 wherein I and Q signals are used to determine bearing of an aircraft that transmitted the reply signal.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein signals received by a directional antenna disposed on top of the aircraft are used to provide bearing information, and signals received by a non-directional antenna disposed on the bottom of the aircraft do not provide bearing information.

31. Apparatus for detecting and decoding reply signals of the type having a plurality of associated time discrete pulses including two bracket pulses and a number of related data pulses that may have been transmitted at discrete data time intervals between the bracket pulses such that the signal content detected during the data time intervals corresponds to the reply signal data code, comprising receiver means for receiving the reply signals and producing in-phase (I), quadrature (Q) phase and video (V) signals for each received pulse;

means for detecting received pulses and storing said I/Q/V signals in a first memory;

means for storing in a second memory pointer values that correspond to the temporal location of pulse I/Q/V signals in said first memory;

means for identifying, based on time of arrival (TOA) values, pairs of potential bracket pulses wherein each pair marks the beginning and end of a reply code; and

processor means for

     1) determining an angle of arrival (AOA) value for each detected pulse based on each pulse'"'"'s I and Q signals,

     2) selecting a reference pulse for each said potential bracket pair based on relative amplitudes of said bracket pair, and

     3) identifying data pulses, associated with said reply signal and detected between occurrence of said bracket pulses, based on said reference pulse to provide the reply code.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising means for flagging each detected pulse with a confidence factor that indicates whether the pulse is clean or garbled.

33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein said confidence factor for each data pulse is based on its AOA and amplitude values relative to said reference pulse.

34. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein said confidence factor for each bracket pulse is based on a determination of the quality of its corresponding I and Q signals, relative amplitude and AOA.

35. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein said processor means rejects a bracket pair if both have garbled I and Q signals.

36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein a potential bracket pair is validated if a data pulse is cleanly matched therewith.

37. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein a pulse flagged as garbled remains in circulation to determine if it can be cleanly matched to a bracket pair.

38. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein a garbled pulse can be shared among a number of reply signals until cleanly claimed by one reply signal.

39. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein said processing means produces a reply code comprising data values that correspond to the signal content in each of said data time intervals, and each data value is assigned a high confidence or low confidence garble bit that corresponds to the confidence that the data value is correct.

40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein said processing means:

1) assigns a high confidence bit to a data value based on a data pulse cleanly matched to a reference pulse detected during the corresponding data time interval,

     2) assigns a low confidence bit to a data value based on a data pulse not cleanly matched to a reference pulse,

     3) assigns a high confidence bit to a data value based on absence of an associated pulse detected during the corresponding time interval, and

     4) assigns a low confidence bit to a data value based on a time interval with no associated data pulse but for which a shared data pulse was claimed by another reply signal.

41. The apparatus according to claim 40 wherein said processing means comprises means for tracking all pulses including garbled pulses shared by a number of replies, said tracking means also tracking each reply signal for which pulses are associated therewith.

42. The apparatus of claim 41 wherein said reply signals are transmitted by aircraft in response to interrogations, and comprise altitude encoded signals compatible with those of secondary surveillance radar (SSR).

43. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said processor means accesses pulse data samples from said first memory based on a delay relative to a reference time.

44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein said reference time corresponds to a detection of a threshold level on the leading edge of a pulse.

45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said delay is effected by adding a selected number of pulse data sample addresses to a pointer value stored in said second memory.

46. A method for detecting and identifying a transponder reply signal of the type having a plurality of associated time discrete pulses including two bracket pulses and a number of related data pulses that may have been transmitted at discrete data time intervals between the bracket pulses such that the signal content detected during the data time intervals corresponds to the reply signal data code, comprising the steps of:

a. producing a video signal for each received reply signal;

b. detecting potential bracket and data pulses based on said video signals and storing signals corresponding to said pulses in a memory;

c. pairing potential bracket pulses that mark the beginning and end of a reply signal code based on time of arrival (TOA) of said detected pulses and identifying a reply signal reference pulse for each potential pair; and

d. matching data pulses to said reply signal reference pulses based on relative TOA and amplitude;

said matching process being performed by analyzing all pulses received during a selectable time period and tracking each data pulse for each reference pulse it is matched with so that garbled pulses can be shared by more than one reply signal reference pulse.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein said tracking process includes deleting data pulses previously shared by other reference pulses when a data pulse is cleanly matched to a reference pulse, and further wherein a potential bracket pulse can be shared by more than one other potential bracket pulse.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein said tracking process includes removing a data pulse from circulation after it has been cleanly matched to a reference pulse.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein a potential bracket pair cannot be deleted after a data pulse has been cleanly matched therewith.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein a potential bracket pair can be deleted prior to a data pulse being cleanly matched therewith if a bracket pulse is cleanly claimed by a different bracket pulse.

51. The method of claim 50 further comprising the steps of assigning data values to each of the data time intervals based on the presence or absence of a pulse during each such interval, and assigning a confidence factor to each data value such that a confidence factor assigned to a data value corresponding to the absence of a pulse is based on whether a pulse was initially matched to the time interval but thereafter cleanly claimed by another reply signal.

52. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using angle of arrival (AOA) information for matching data pulses to reference pulses.