Filter utilizing a frequency selective non-conductive dielectric structure

• US 5,389,943 A
• Filed: 07/27/1992
• Issued: 02/14/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 02/15/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Incorporated (BAE Systems Plc), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Lockheed Sanders, Inc. (Martin Marietta Corporation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Brommer, Karl, Mullaney, Henry, Meade, Robert, Rappe, Andrew, Joannopoulos, John
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, Benny T.
• Application Number:
  US07/920,001
• Time in Patent Office: 932 Days
• Field of Search: 333/202, 333/219.1, 333/235, 343/909, 343/910, 343/911 R, 343/754, 343/787
• US Class Current: 343/909
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/46 Systems using spatial filters
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/18 Diffraction gratings holographic optical elements G02B5/32, G03H; integrally combined with optical fibres G02B6/02057; for coupling light guides G02B6/34; integrally combined with optical integrated light guides G02B6/12; grating systems G02B27/44
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/28 Interference filters
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/1225 comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2202/32 Photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/2005 Electromagnetic photonic bandgaps [EPB], or photonic bandgaps [PBG]
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/207 Hollow waveguide filters H01P1/212, H01P1/213, H01P1/215, H01P1/219 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/006 Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/1042 Optical microcavities, e.g. cavity dimensions comparable to the wavelength
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/11 Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/249953 Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/25 Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles

Abstract

A filter utilizes a frequency selective, non-conductive, dielectric structure for filtering electromagnetic energy in the millimeter to far infrared frequency bands. The filter includes a non-conductive, high-dielectric, background material positioned to receive incident electromagnetic energy. A lattice structure comprised of a plurality of elongated elements formed of a non-conductive, high-dielectric material are disposed in a two-dimensional, periodic arrangement in the background material. The elements extend in parallel to one another through the background material for providing a range of frequencies over a band gap in which incident electromagnetic energy within the frequency range of the band gap is substantially prevented from propagating through the lattice structure. The dielectric structure can be adapted to operate as a band stop filter or a low pass filter.

Claims

1. A filter comprising:

a first non-conductive dielectric material for receiving electromagnetic energy; and

a spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure comprised of a plurality of elongated elements of a second non-conductive dielectric material, the elongated elements extending in parallel to each other along parallel longitudinal axes of the elongated elements and being disposed with respect to a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the elongated elements in a two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement within the first non-conductive dielectric material, the lattice structure having dimensions which are proportioned such that the structure defines a band gap at a range of electromagnetic energy frequencies such that electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements and electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements is substantially prevented from propagating within the spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure.

2. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement is a triangular arrangement.

3. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second non-conductive dielectric material comprises air.

4. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the elements have a cylindrical configuration.

5. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material is a high-dielectric-constant material and the second non-conductive dielectric material is a low-dielectric-constant material.

6. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the frequency range of the band gap is within 10⁶ to 10¹⁵ Hz.

7. A filter as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a tuning circuit coupled to the first non-conductive dielectric material for changing a characteristic of the first non-conductive dielectric material such that the frequency range of the band gap is tunable.

8. A filter as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a signal source coupled across the first non-conductive dielectric material for providing an external field across the first material, the external field changing a characteristic of the first non-conductive dielectric material to tune the frequency range of the band gap.

9. A filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material comprises a ferroelectric material, said characteristic is defined by a dielectric constant of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is an electric field which changes the dielectric constant of the first non-conductive dielectric material.

10. A filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material comprises a ferrite material, said characteristic is defined by a magnetic permeability of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is a magnetic field which changes the magnetic permeability of the first non-conductive dielectric material.

11. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material is oriented to receive electromagnetic energy propagating in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axes of the parallel elongated elements.

12. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filter maintains a substantially constant band gap frequency range for electromagnetic energy propagating at any incident angle in the plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the parallel elongated elements.

13. A filter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the band gap defines a stop band for the filter.

14. A filter as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a tuning circuit coupled to the first non-conductive dielectric material for changing a characteristic of the second non-conductive dielectric material such that the frequency range of the band gap is tunable.

15. A band stop filter comprising:

a non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material for receiving electromagnetic energy; and

a spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure comprised of a plurality of elongated elements of a non-conductive low-dielectric-constant material, the elongated elements extending in parallel to each other along parallel longitudinal axes of the elongated elements through the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material and being disposed with respect to a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the elongated elements in a two-dimensional period lattice arrangement within the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material and extending through the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material in a direction transverse to a direction of propagation of the electromagnetic energy, the lattice structure having dimensions which are proportioned such that the lattice structure defines a stop band at a range of electromagnetic energy frequencies such that electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements and electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements is substantially prevented from propagating within the spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure.

16. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein the non-conductive low-dielectric-constant material comprises air.

17. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material has a dielectric constant of at least 10.

18. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a signal source coupled across the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material for providing an external field across the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material, the external field changing a characteristic of the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material to tune the frequency range of the stop band.

19. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 18 wherein the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material comprises a ferroelectric material, said characteristic is defined by a dielectric constant of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is an electric field which changes the dielectric constant of the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material.

20. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 18 wherein the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material comprises a ferrite material, said characteristic is defined by a magnetic permeability of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is a magnetic field which changes the magnetic permeability of the non-conductive high-dielectric-constant material.

21. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein the filter maintains a substantially constant stop band frequency range for electromagnetic energy propagating at any incident angle in the plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the parallel elongated elements.

22. A band stop filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein the two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement is a triangular arrangement.

23. A tunable filter comprising:

a first non-conductive dielectric material for receiving electromagnetic energy;

a spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure comprised of a plurality of elongated elements of a second non-conductive dielectric material, the elongated elements extending in parallel to each other along parallel longitudinal axes of the elongated elements and being disposed with respect to a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the elongated elements in a two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement within the first non-conductive dielectric material, the lattice structure having dimensions which are proportioned such that the lattice structure defines a band gap at a range of electromagnetic energy frequencies such that electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements and electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements is substantially prevented from propagating within the spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure; and

a signal source coupled across the first non-conductive dielectric material for providing an external field across the first non-conductive dielectric material, the external field changing a characteristic of the first non-conductive dielectric material to tune the frequency range of the band gap.

24. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the elongated elements are cylindrical rods.

25. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material is high-dielectric-constant material and the second non-conductive dielectric material is a low-dielectric-constant material.

26. A filter as claimed in claim 25 wherein the second non-conductive dielectric material comprises air.

27. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the frequency of the band gap is within 10⁶ to 10¹⁵ Hz.

28. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material comprises a ferroelectric material, said characteristic is defined by a dielectric constant of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is an electric field which changes the dielectric constant of the first non-conductive dielectric material.

29. A filter as claimed in claim 28 wherein the signal source comprises:

a voltage supply; and

a pair of conducting plates electrically connected to the voltage supply, one of the conducting plates being attached to a first side of the first non-conductive dielectric material and the other conducting plate being attached to a second side of the first non-conductive dielectric material opposite the first side of the non-conductive dielectric material, the pair of conducting plates providing the external electric field across the first non-conductive dielectric material.

30. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material comprises a ferrite material, said characteristic is defined by a magnetic permeability of the first non-conductive dielectric material, and the external field is a magnetic field which changes the magnetic permeability of the first non-conductive dielectric material.

31. A filter as claimed in claim 30 wherein the signal source comprises:

a current supply; and

a pair of coils electrically connected to the current supply, one of the coils being attached to a first side of the first non-conductive dielectric material and the other coil being attached to a second side of the first non-conductive dielectric material opposite the first side of the first non-conductive dielectric material, the pair of coils providing the external magnetic field across the first non-conductive dielectric material.

32. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material is positioned to receive electromagnetic energy propagating in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axes of the parallel elongated elements.

33. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the filter maintains a substantially constant band gap frequency range for electromagnetic energy propagating at any incident angle in the plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the parallel elongated elements.

34. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the band gap defines a stop band for the filter.

35. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the first non-conductive dielectric material has at least one curved surface.

36. A filter as claimed in claim 23 wherein the two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement is a triangular arrangement.

37. An electromagnetic energy filter comprising:

A body of non-conductive dielectric material; and

a spatially periodic dielectric lattice structure in said body and comprised of a plurality of elongated non-conductive dielectric elements disposed with respect to a plane orthogonal to a longitudinal axis of the elongated elements in a two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement within the body and extending in parallel with one another through the body, the lattice structure having dimensions which are proportioned such that the lattice structure defines a band gap at a range of electromagnetic energy frequencies such that electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements and electromagnetic energy at such frequencies having a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongated elements which is incident on the body of non-conductive dielectric material is substantially prevented from propagating within the body of non-conductive dielectric material.

38. A filter as claimed in claim 37 wherein the two-dimensional periodic lattice arrangement is a triangular arrangement.

39. A filter as claimed in claim 37 wherein the band gap defines a stop band for the filter.