On-line reconstruction of a failed redundant array system

• US 5,390,187 A
• Filed: 02/16/1993
• Issued: 02/14/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 10/23/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: EMC Corporation (Dell Technologies Inc.)
• Original Assignee: EMC Corporation (Dell Technologies Inc.)
• Inventors: Stallmo, David C.
• Primary Examiner(s): ATKINSON, CHARLES
• Application Number:
  US08/017,826
• Time in Patent Office: 728 Days
• Field of Search: 371/10.1, 371/11.1, 395/575, 364/268.5, 364/269.2
• US Class Current: 714/6.32
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/1092 Rebuilding, e.g. when physically replacing a failing disk
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/14 Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation G06F11/16 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/1833 by adding special lists or symbols to the coded information G11B20/1806, G11B20/1866 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G11C 29/70 Masking faults in memories by using spares or by reconfiguring

Abstract

A method for on-line reconstruction of a failed storage unit in a redundant array system. After providing a replacement storage unit for the failed storage unit, reconstruction begins for each data stripe in the array. General reconstruction consists of applying an error-correction operation (such as an XOR operation on data blocks and a corresponding parity block) to the data blocks from the remaining storage units in the redundancy group, and storing the result in the corresponding block of the replacement storage unit. If a Read operation is requested by the CPU for a data block on the replacement storage unit, then a concurrent Read task is executed which reconstructs the stripe containing the requested data block. If a Read operation is requested by the CPU for a data block not on the replacement storage unit, a concurrent Read task is executed which performs a normal Read. If a Write operation is requested for any data block, then a concurrent Write task is executed which performs a Read-Modify-Write sequence in the general case (the Read operation being performed in accordance with the above rules).

Claims

1. A method for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, comprising the steps of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a read request for a data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(b) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks;

(2) if the requested data block is not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing the requested data block directly.

2. The method of claim 1, further including the steps of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein receipt of a write request includes the further steps of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

4. The method of claim 1, further including the steps of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

8. The method of claims 1, 5, or 7, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit comprises the steps of:

a. accessing all other corresponding data blocks and the corresponding parity error-correction block in the corresponding stripe;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing all of the accessed blocks to generate a new data block.

9. The method of claims 2, 4, 5, or 7, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and the step of updating the at least one associated error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request comprises the steps of:

a. reading the data block to be modified and the associated parity error-correction block;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the parity error-correction block with the data block to be modified and the new data block to generate an updated parity error-correction block.

10. The method of claims 3, 4, 6, or 7, wherein the step of computing at least one error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks and the new data block.

11. The method of claims 1, 2, or 4, wherein the step of reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

12. The method of claims 2 or 5, wherein the step of reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

13. The method of claims 1, 2, or 4, wherein when the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit:

a. if the block has previously been reconstructed, then;

(1) accessing the requested data block directly;

b. otherwise;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(2) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks.

14. The method of claims 1, 5, or 7, wherein the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array is performed only for stripes that have not previously been reconstructed.

5. A method for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, comprising the steps of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein receipt of a write request includes the further steps of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at Least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

7. A method for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, comprising the steps of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

15. A controller for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and an associated error-correction block, the controller including means for operatively coupling the controller to the array of storage units and means for:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array and storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

b. reading a requested data block during the reconstruction, by;

(1) if the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and the corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(b) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks;

(2) if the requested data block is not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing the requested data block directly.

16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the controller further includes means for:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

17. The controller of claim 16, wherein the controller further includes means, responsive to receipt of a write request, for:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

18. The controller of claim 15, wherein the controller further includes means for:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

22. The controller of claims 15, 19, or 21, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and wherein, for reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit, the controller further includes means for:

a. accessing all other corresponding data blocks and the corresponding parity error-correction block in the corresponding stripe;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing all of the accessed blocks to generate a new data block.

23. The controller of claims 16, 18, 19, or 21, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and wherein, for updating the at least one associated error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request, the controller further includes means for:

a. reading the data block to be modified and the associated parity error-correction block;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the parity error-correction block with the data block to be modified and the new data block to generate an updated parity error-correction block.

24. The controller of claims 17, 18, 20, or 21, wherein computing at least one error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks and the new data block.

25. The controller of claims 15, 16, or 18, wherein reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

26. The controller of claims 16 or 19, wherein reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks comprises exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

27. The controller of claims 15, 16, or 18, wherein the controller further includes means, when the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, for:

a. if the block has previously been reconstructed, then;

(1) accessing the requested data block directly;

b. otherwise;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(2) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks.

28. The controller of claims 15, 19, or 21, wherein reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array is performed only for stripes that have not previously been reconstructed.

19. A controller for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and an associated error-correction block, the controller including means for operatively coupling the controller to the array of storage units and means for:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array and storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

b. writing a new data block during the reconstruction, by;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

20. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller further includes means, responsive to receipt of a write request, for:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

21. A controller for on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and an associated error-correction block, the controller including means for operatively coupling the controller to the array of storage units and means for:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array and storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

b. writing a new data block during the reconstruction, by;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing a error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

29. A control program tangibly stored on a storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, such that the control device is configured and operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the configured control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a read request for a data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(b) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks;

(2) if the requested data block is not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing the requested data block directly.

30. The control program of claim 29, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

31. The control program of claim 30, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

32. The control program of claim 29, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

36. The control program of claims 29, 33, or 35, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit by the function of:

a. accessing all other corresponding data blocks and the corresponding parity error-correction block in the corresponding stripe;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing all of the accessed blocks to generate a new data block.

37. The control program of claims 30, 32, 33, or 35, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information and wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of updating the at least one associated error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request by the function of:

a. reading the data block to be modified and the associated parity error-correction block;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the parity error-correction block with the data block to be modified and the new data block to generate an updated parity error-correction block.

38. The control program of claims 31, 32, 34, or 35, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of computing at least one error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks and the new data block.

39. The control program of claims 29, 30, or 32, wherein tile control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

40. The control program of claims 30 or 33, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

41. The control program of claims 29, 30, 32, wherein when the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the block has previously been reconstructed then;

(1) accessing the requested data block directly;

b. otherwise;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(2) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks.

42. The control program of claims 29, 33, or 35, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array only for stripes that have not previously been reconstructed.

33. A control program tangibly stored on a storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, such that the control device is configured and operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the configured control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

34. The control program of claim 33, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

35. A control program tangibly stored on a storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, such that the control device is configured and operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the configured control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

43. A storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, the storage device containing a control program tangibly stored thereon, such that the control device is operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a read request for a data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(b) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks;

(2) if the requested data block is not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing the requested data block directly.

44. The storage device of claim 43, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing tile data block to be modified.

45. The storage device of claim 44, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with tile data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

46. The storage device of claim 43, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

50. The storage device of claims 43, 47, or 49, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit by the function of:

a. accessing all other corresponding data blocks and the corresponding parity error-correction block in the corresponding stripe;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing all of the accessed blocks to generate a new data block.

51. The storage device of claims 44, 46, 47, or 49, wherein at least one error-correction block contains parity information, and wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of updating the at least one associated error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request by the function of:

a. reading the data block to be modified and the associated parity error-correction block;

b. exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the parity error-correction block with the data block to be modified and the new data block to generate an updated parity error-correction block.

52. The storage device of claims 45, 46, 48, or 49, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of computing at least one error-correction block in response to receipt of a write request by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks and the new data block.

53. The storage device of claims 43, 44, or 46, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

54. The storage device of claims 44 or 47, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks by the function of exclusively-OR'"'"'ing the accessed blocks.

55. The storage device of claims 43, 44, 46, wherein when the requested data block is located on the replacement storage unit, the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the block has previously been reconstructed then;

(1) accessing the requested data block directly;

b. otherwise;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks and at least one corresponding error-correction block in the stripe containing the requested data block;

(2) reconstructing the requested data block from the accessed blocks.

56. The storage device of claims 43, 47, or 49, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the step of reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array only for stripes that have not previously been reconstructed.

47. A storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, the storage device containing a control program tangibly stored thereon, such that the control device is operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) reconstructing the data block to be modified from the accessed blocks;

(c) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(d) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

48. The storage device of claim 47, wherein the control program is further configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. if the at least one error-correction block associated with the data block to be modified is located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(1) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(3) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.

49. A storage device readable by a programmable control device when coupled to the storage device, the storage device containing a control program tangibly stored thereon, such that the control device is operated by the control program when the storage device is read by the control device, the control device being operated to perform on-line reconstruction of a failed data storage unit to a replacement storage unit in a redundant array of storage units coupled to the control device, the storage units having at least one stripe containing a plurality of data blocks and at least one associated error-correction block, the control program being configured to operate the control device to perform the function of:

a. reconstructing each data block of the failed storage unit for each stripe in the array;

b. storing each reconstructed data block on the replacement storage unit in the corresponding stripe;

c. if the array receives a write request for a new data block during reconstruction, then;

(1) if the data block to be modified and its at least one associated error-correction block are not located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) updating the at least one associated error-correction block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) writing the updated at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(2) if the data block to be modified or its at least one associated error-correction block are located on the replacement storage unit, then;

(a) accessing all other corresponding data blocks in the stripe containing the data block to be modified;

(b) computing at least one error-correction block from the accessed blocks and the new data block;

(c) writing the computed at least one error-correction block and the new data block in the stripe containing the data block to be modified.