Sensor with improved drift stability

• US 5,403,746 A
• Filed: 11/30/1993
• Issued: 04/04/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 11/30/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation (Terumo Corporation)
• Original Assignee: 3M Company
• Inventors: Wood, Kenneth B., Bentsen, James G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Housel, James C.
• Assistant Examiner(s): BHAT, NINA NMN
• Application Number:
  US08/160,687
• Time in Patent Office: 490 Days
• Field of Search: 422/82.04, 422/82.07, 422/82.08, 252/408.1, 252/304, 252/315.1, 436/68, 436/172, 436/163, 436/133, 73/23.21
• US Class Current: 436/68
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14539 for measuring pH
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1455 using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/772 Tip coated light guide
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/7786 Fluorescence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/7703 using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides using measurement of total internal reflection or attenuated total reflection G01N21/552; optical fibres or waveguides per se G02B
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 31/223 for investigating presence of specific gases or aerosols G01N31/221, G01N31/222 take precedence; actuation of fire alarm by presence of smoke or gases G08B17/10
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/84 involving inorganic compounds or pH
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 436/102499 Blood gas standard or control
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 436/204998 Inorganic carbon compounds

Abstract

The present invention provides an optical fluorescence based sensor for measuring the concentration of a gas (e.g., CO₂ or ammonia) in a medium such as blood which has improved drift stability. In a preferred embodiment, the sensors of the present invention comprise microcompartments of an aqueous phase having a pH sensitive sensing component within a hydrophobic barrier phase. The sensors of the present invention are substantially free of partitioning species other than the analyte of interest which can migrate from one phase to the other in response to a change in pH in the aqueous phase and which substantially affect the concentration dependent signal. In an alternative embodiment, the sensors of the present invention are constructed so as to retard the migration of partitioning species, thus reducing the initial rate of drift.

Claims

1. A sensing composition for sensing a carbon dioxide analyte, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising a pH sensitive indicator component in a buffer solution, wherein said buffer solution comprises less than 100 mM of a bicarbonate ion, wherein the concentration of said pH sensitive indicator component in said sensing composition is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, and wherein said sensing composition is substantially free of partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal.

2. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

3. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 6% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

4. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 3% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

5. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, after being stored for 24 hours in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure when moved to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg which differs by less than 12% compared to a measurement taken in said second medium before the 24 hour storage period.

6. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, after being stored for 24 hours in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure when moved to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg which differs by less than 6% compared to a measurement taken in said second medium before the 24 hour storage period.

7. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 6% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg, and wherein said sensing composition, after being stored for 24 hours in said a first medium, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure when moved to said second medium which differs by less than 6% compared to a measurement taken in said second medium before the 24 hour storage period.

8. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous phase and said hydrophobic phase form an emulsoid.

9. A sensing composition according to claim 10, wherein said emulsoid comprises micro-compartments of said aqueous phase having an average size of up to 10 μ

m.

10. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous phase and said hydrophobic phase form an emulsoid which prior to being cured formed a stable emulsion.

11. A sensing composition according to claim 1, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is present in said aqueous phase in at least an effective amount up to a concentration of 15 mM and is selected from the group consisting of 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine;

2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein;

2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester;

2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-2'"'"',7'"'"'-dichlorofluorescein;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-2'"'"',7'"'"'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-4'"'"',5'"'"'-dimethylfluorescein;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-4'"'"',5'"'"'-dimethylfluorescein diacetate;

5-carboxyfluorescein;

6-carboxyfluorescein;

5-(and -6)carboxyfluorescein;

5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate;

6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate;

5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, acetoxymethyl ester;

5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate;

5-(and -6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein;

5-(and -6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein diacetate;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-succinimidylester-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran] -3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-succinimidylester-9-chloro-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"') -carboxy-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-3,10-diacetoxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-9-chloro-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-9-chloro-3,10-diacetoxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"') -carboxy-10-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

3-acetoxy-5'"'"'-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-10-dimethylaminospiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-10-diethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

3-acetoxy-5'"'"'-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-10-diethylamine-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-10-ethylamino-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-3-hydroxytetrahydroquinolizino[1,9-hi]spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate;

4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin;

4-[2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene-dicarboxylic acid;

dextran, 2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and

     6)-carboxy-fluorescein, anionic;

dextran, 4-[2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene-dicarboxylic acid, anionic;

dextran, 4-[2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene-dicarboxylic acid, anionic, lysine fixable;

dextran, 4-[2,7-dimethyl-6-(ethylamino)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acid, anionic;

dextran, 4-[2,7-dimethyl-6-(ethylamino)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acid, anionic, lysine fixable;

dextran, 7-hydroxycoumarin, neutral;

dextran, β

-methylumbelliferone, neutral;

dextran, 9-chloro-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one, anionic;

dextran, 10-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one, anionic;

1,4-dihydroxyphthalonitrile;

4-[2,7-dimethyl-6-(ethylamino)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acid;

fluorescein diacetate;

8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt;

naphthofluorescein;

naphthofluorescein diacetate;

3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one; and

3,10-diacetoxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one, diacetate.

12. A sensing composition according to claim 3, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is present in said aqueous phase between a concentration of 2 and 10 mM and is selected from the group consisting of 2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-2'"'"',7'"'"'-dichlorofluorescein;

5-(and -6)-carboxy-4'"'"',5'"'"'-dimethylfluorescein;

carboxy5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

carboxy5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-9-chloro-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

carboxy5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-10-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

carboxy5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-10-diethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

carboxy5'"'"'(and 6'"'"')-carboxy-3-hydroxytetrahydroquinolizino[1,9-hi]spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"' (3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one;

4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin;

4-[2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene-dicarboxylic acid;

dextran, 2'"'"',7'"'"'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and

     6)-carboxy-fluorescein, anionic;

dextran, 4-[2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-1,3-benzene-dicarboxylic acid, anionic;

dextran, 7-hydroxycoumarin, neutral;

dextran, β

-methylumbelliferone, neutral;

dextran, 9-chloro-3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one, anionic;

dextran, 10-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one, anionic;

8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt; and

3,10-dihydroxy-spiro[7H-benzo[c]xanthene-7,1'"'"'(3'"'"'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'"'"'-one.

13. A sensing composition according to claim 8, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component has an apparent pKa between 6.3 and 8.5.

14. A sensing composition according to claim 13, wherein said aqueous phase further comprises a buffer selected from the group consisting of phosphate ion buffers and wherein said phosphate ion buffer is present in an concentration up to 30 mM based on the total aqueous phase components.

15. A sensing composition according to claim 12, wherein said aqueous phase further comprises a emulsification enhancement agent selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylamide), poly(dimethylacrylamide), poly(vinylmethyl acetomide), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(vinylalcohol), poly(vinylpyrollidone), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), poly(hydroxymethylacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl methyl ether), dextran, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl(methylcellulose), hydroxybutyl(methylcellulose), xanthan gum, guar gum, alginic acid, and carageenen, wherein said agent is present in an concentration between 1 and 50 weight percent based on the total aqueous phase components, and wherein said sensor comprises less than 3 mM of acidic or basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

16. A sensing composition according to claim 4, wherein said sensor comprises less than 1 mM of an acidic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

17. A sensing composition according to claim 4, wherein said sensor comprises less than 1 mM of a basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

18. A sensing composition according to claim 4, wherein said hydrophobic phase comprises a silicone polymer or copolymer.

19. A sensing composition for sensing carbon dioxide, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising a pH sensitive indicator component, wherein the concentration of said pH sensitive indicator component in said sensing composition is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, and wherein said sensing composition comprises less than 1 mM of acidic or basic partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal.

20. A sensing composition according to claim 19, wherein said aqueous phase comprises a buffer solution equivalent in composition to a solution prepared with an indicator component and up to 100 mM of a bicarbonate salt, and wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 3% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

21. A sensing composition for sensing carbon dioxide, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising an effective amount of a pH sensitive indicator component in a buffer solution, wherein said buffer solution has a buffering capacity equivalent to a solution prepared with up to 20 mM of said pH sensitive indicator component, between 20 and 100 mM of a bicarbonate salt, and up to 50 mM of a 50;

50 mix of a monobasic and dibasic phosphates salt, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, wherein said sensing composition is substantially free of acidic partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg, and wherein said sensing composition has a specific sensitivity between 0.2 and 0.5.

22. A sensing composition according to claim 21, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 6% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

23. A sensing composition according to claim 22, wherein said buffer solution is equivalent in composition to a solution prepared with up to 20 mM of a pH sensitive indicator component and between 40 and 80 mM of a bicarbonate salt.

24. A sensing composition according to claim 21, wherein said sensor comprises less than 1 mM of an acidic partitioning species and less than 3 mM of a basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

25. A sensing composition according to claim 21, wherein said indicator component is a salt of HPTS, and said hydrophobic phase comprises silicone.

26. A sensing composition for sensing carbon dioxide, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising an effective amount of a pH sensitive indicator component in a buffer solution, wherein said buffer solution has a buffering capacity equivalent to a solution prepared with up to 20 mM of said pH sensitive indicator component, at least 20 mM of a bicarbonate salt, and up to 50 mM of a 50;

50 mix of a monobasic and dibasic phosphates salt, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, wherein said sensing composition is substantially free of acidic partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg, wherein said sensing composition has a specific sensitivity between 0.2 and 0.5, and wherein said aqueous phase does not include the combination of HPTS and polyvinylpyrolidone.

27. A sensing composition according to claim 26, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 3% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

28. A sensing composition according to claim 27, wherein said buffer solution is equivalent in composition to a solution prepared with up to 20 mM of a pH sensitive indicator component and at least 50 mM of a bicarbonate salt.

29. A sensing composition according to claim 26, wherein said sensor comprises less than 1 mM of an acidic partitioning species and less than 3 mM of a basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

30. A sensing composition according to claim 26, wherein said indicator component is a salt of HPTS, and said hydrophobic phase comprises silicone.

31. A sensing composition for sensing carbon dioxide, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising a pH sensitive indicator component in a buffer solution, wherein said buffer solution has a buffering capacity equivalent to a solution prepared with said pH sensitive indicator component and at least one of a bicarbonate salt and a 50;

50 mixture of a monobasic phosphate salt and a dibasic phosphate salt, wherein the sum of the molar concentration of the indicator component and one-half of the molar concentration of the mixture of phosphate salts divided by the molar concentration of the bicarbonate salt is at least 0.66, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, wherein said sensing composition is substantially free of basic partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg, and wherein said sensing composition has a specific sensitivity between 0.2 and 0.5.

32. A sensing composition according to claim 31, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 6% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

33. A sensing composition according to claim 31, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 3% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

34. A sensing composition according to claim 32, wherein said sensor comprises less than 3 mM of an acidic partitioning species and less than 1 mM of a basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

35. A sensing composition according to claim 32, wherein said indicator component is a salt of HPTS, and said hydrophobic phase comprises silicone, and wherein said sensor comprises less than 1 mM of an acidic partitioning species and less than 0.5 mM of a basic partitioning species, based on the volume of said aqueous phase, throughout the operating range of the sensor.

36. A sensing composition for sensing carbon dioxide, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising a pH sensitive indicator component in a buffer solution, wherein said buffer solution has a buffering capacity equivalent to a solution prepared with said pH sensitive indicator component, at least 15 mM of a bicarbonate salt, and up to 50 mM of a 50;

50 mixture of a monobasic and dibasic phosphate salt, wherein the ratio of the sum of the molar concentration of the indicator component and one-half of the molar concentration of the mixture of phosphate salts divided by the molar concentration of the bicarbonate salt is at least 0.66, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is dispersed within said hydrophobic phase, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg, and wherein said sensing composition has a specific sensitivity between 0.2 and 0.5.

37. A sensing composition according to claim 36, wherein said buffer solution ratio is at least 0.8.

38. A sensing composition according to claim 36, wherein said buffer solution ratio is at least 1.0.

39. A sensing composition according to claim 36, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

40. A sensing composition according to claim 37, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 6% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

41. A sensing composition, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising an indicator component, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of an analyte in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said analyte being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said aqueous phase is contained within the pores of an asymmetrical membrane, said membrane having a first surface having small pore openings and a second surface having large pore openings, and wherein said hydrophobic phase covers said first surface.

42. A sensing composition according to claim 41, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

43. A sensing composition for sensing a carbon dioxide analyte, comprising:

an aqueous first phase comprising a pH sensitive indicator component, a buffer solution containing less than 100 mM of a bicarbonate ion, and a hydrogel of a hydrophilic polymer, wherein the concentration of said pH sensitive indicator component in said sensing composition is effective to provide a signal in response to the concentration of carbon dioxide in a medium to which said sensing composition is exposed, said carbon dioxide being effective to alter the pH of said aqueous phase; and

a hydrophobic second phase which is permeable to said analyte and impermeable to ionized hydrogen, wherein said sensing composition is substantially free of partitioning species, other than the analyte of interest, which migrate between said phases in response to a change in pH in said aqueous phase or between the sensing composition and the medium and which migration substantially affects said concentration dependent signal.

44. A sensing composition according to claim 43, wherein said hydrogel comprises a polymer formed using monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylates and methacrylates.

45. A sensing composition according to claim 44, wherein said pH sensitive indicator component is covalently attached to said polymer.

46. A sensing composition according to claim 43, wherein said sensing composition comprises less than 1 mM of acidic partitioning species.

47. A sensing composition according to claim 43, wherein said sensing composition, immediately after being equilibrated in a first medium having a pCO₂ of 0.25 mmHg, provides a measurement of CO₂ partial pressure which drifts less than 12% over a three hour period when moved from said first medium to a second medium having a pCO₂ of 45.6 mmHg.

48. A sensing composition according to claim 43, wherein said sensing composition further comprises an emulsification enhancement agent selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylamide), poly(dimethylacrylamide), poly(vinylalcohol), poly(vinylmethyl acetamide), poly(vinylpyrollidone), poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(acrylamidomethylproponesulfonic acid), poly(hydroxyethylacrylate), poly(hydroxymethylacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl methyl ether), hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-(methylcellulose), and hydroxybutyl(methylcellulose).