Power converters with improved switching efficiency

• US 5,410,467 A
• Filed: 03/10/1993
• Issued: 04/25/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 03/19/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Astec International Limited (Emerson Electric Company)
• Original Assignee: Astec International Limited (Emerson Electric Company)
• Inventors: Smith, David A., Stewart, Neal G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Stephan, Steven L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): BERHANE, ADOLF D
• Application Number:
  US08/028,836
• Time in Patent Office: 776 Days
• Field of Search: 363/16, 363/22, 363/24, 363/50, 363/55, 363/56, 363/20, 363/21, 363/133, 363/134, 363/131, 363/25, 363/26, 323/222, 323/259, 323/344
• US Class Current: 363/131
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/158 including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/33576 having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer

Abstract

A Circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in a rectifying device of a power converter during a time interval just prior to when the rectifying device is to be rendered non-conductive is described. The current reversal substantially reduces or eliminates reverse-recovery currents in the rectifying device, which may cause short circuits and needlessly dissipates power. The circuit comprises an energy source, a magnetic storage device, and a switch for coupling the magnetic storage device to the energy source. The magnetic storage device may comprise an inductor or a transformer. The energy source may include a voltage source, the converter'"'"'s input voltage, the output voltage, or a winding magnetically coupled to another magnetic storage device of the converter. The reversal circuit includes a circuit for coupling the reversing current to the rectifying device such that it partially or completely reverses the flow of current in the rectifying device.

Claims

1. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period.

2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles comprises a first switch means coupled between the input port and said first magnetic storage means, wherein said rectifying device comprises a second switch means, and wherein said reversal switch means comprises a third switch means.

3. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles comprises a first switch means coupled between the input port and said first magnetic storage means, wherein said rectifying device comprises a rectifier, and wherein said reversal switch means comprises a second switch means.

4. The circuit of claim 1 wherein for each OFF period said reversal switch means opens after the direction of current flow in said rectifying device is reversed and before the beginning of the subsequent OFF period.

5. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said reversal switch means comprises a switching transistor device coupled in series with a rectifier.

6. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the rectifying device is coupled to the first magnetic storage means at a first intermediate node,

wherein said second magnetic storage means comprises a winding coupled in series with said reversal switch means to form a series combination thereof, said series combination being coupled between said first intermediate node and said second energy source, and

wherein said means for coupling said reversing current to said rectifying device comprises the electrical coupling of said series combination to said intermediate node.

7. The circuit of claim 6 wherein said second magnetic storage means comprises an inductor.

8. The circuit of claim 6 wherein said second energy source comprises the voltage generated at the output port.

9. The circuit of claim 6 wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at said first intermediate node, a second winding magnetically coupled to said first winding such that energy may be transferred between said first and second windings;

and

wherein said Second energy source comprises said second winding of said first magnetic storage means coupled in series with the series combination of said reversal switch means and the winding of said second magnetic storage means.

10. The circuit of claim 9 wherein said second energy source further comprises the voltage generated at the output port, the series circuit formed by the winding of said second magnetic storage means, said reversal switch means, and the second winding of said first magnetic storage means being coupled between said first intermediate node and said output port.

11. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said rectifying device comprises a rectifier having an anode and a cathode and oriented such that current and energy may be coupled from the first magnetic storage means to the output port during the OFF periods.

12. The circuit of claim 11 wherein said rectifier is rendered substantially non-conducting at the end of each OFF period.

13. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the output port is for providing converted energy to a load.

14. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of said first winding and said rectifying device being coupled in parallel with said output port.

15. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output, port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle Comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for Coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, and a second winding magnetically coupled to said first winding such that energy may be transferred between said first and second windings;

wherein said second magnetic storage means comprises a winding coupled in series with said reversal switch means;

wherein said second energy source comprises the energy generated at said second winding of said first magnetic storage means, said second winding of said first magnetic storage means being coupled in series with said winding of said second magnetic storage means and said reversal switch means; and

wherein said means for coupling said reversing current to said rectifying device comprises the transformer action between said first and second windings of said first magnetic storage means.

16. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said second energy source further comprises the voltage generated at the output port, the series circuit of the second winding of said first magnetic storage means, the winding of said second magnetic storage means, and said reversal switch means being coupled to said output port.

17. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said series circuit is coupled to itself to form a series circuit loop.

18. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein tile first magnetic storage means comprises a transformer having a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, and a second winding magnetically coupled to said first winding such that energy may be transferred between said first and second windings, said second winding including a leakage inductance;

wherein said energy source comprises the energy generated at said second winding of said first magnetic storage means, said second winding being coupled in series with said reversal switch means;

wherein said second magnetic storage means comprises the leakage inductance of said second winding; and

wherein said means for coupling said reversing current to said rectifying device comprises the transformer action between said first and second windings of said first magnetic storage means.

19. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic Storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein said rectifying device comprises a second switch means having a switching transistor device and a rectifier, said transistor device having a control terminal, a first conduction terminal coupled said first magnetic storage means and a second conduction terminal coupled to the output port, said rectifier having an anode and a cathode and being coupled between said conduction terminals of said transistor device, said rectifier being oriented such that current and energy may be coupled from the first magnetic storage means to the output port during the OFF periods.

20. The circuit of claim 19 further comprising a switch control means coupled to the control terminal of said switching transistor device of said second switch means for causing said transistor device to become conductive substantially at the beginning of each OFF period and to become non-conductive substantially at the end of each OFF period, said switch control means further for causing said reversal switch means to close a predetermined time before the transistor device of said second switch means is rendered non-conductive.

21. The circuit of claim 19 wherein said rectifier of said second switch means is rendered substantially non-conducting at the end of each OFF period.

22. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein each of the input and output ports includes first and second terminals, wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of the first winding and said rectifying device being coupled between respective first terminals of the input and output ports, and wherein the converter'"'"'s means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means comprises a first switch means coupled between the input port and said first intermediate node, the first switch means being caused to close at the beginning of each ON period and being caused to open at the end of each ON period, the first switch means when closed coupling energy present at the input port to the first winding of the first magnetic storage means.

23. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal Switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of said first winding and said rectifying device being coupled in parallel with said output port, and wherein the converter'"'"'s means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means comprises a first switch means coupled between the input port and said first intermediate node, the first switch means being caused to close at the beginning of each ON period and being caused to open at the end of each ON period, the first switch means when closed coupling energy present at the input port to the first winding of the first magnetic storage means.

24. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device Coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of said first winding and said rectifying device being coupled in parallel with said output port, wherein the converter'"'"'s first magnetic storage means further includes a second winding magnetically coupled to said first winding and forming a transformer therewith such that energy may be stored in magnetic form and transferred between said first and second windings, and wherein the converter'"'"'s means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means comprises a first switch means coupled in series with said second winding, the series combination being coupled between the terminals of the input port, the first switch means being caused to close at the beginning of each ON period and being caused to open at the end of each ON period, the first switch means when closed coupling energy present at the input port to the transformer formed by the first and second windings.

25. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of said first winding and said rectifying device being coupled in parallel with said output port, and wherein the converter'"'"'s means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means comprises;

a second intermediate node;

an energy storage and voltage translation means coupled between said first and second intermediate nodes for generating a potential difference between said first and second intermediate nodes, for enabling current to flow between said intermediate nodes, and for selectively coupling energy to said first magnetic storage means at said first intermediate node;

an inductor and a first switch means coupled in series at said second intermediate node, the series combination being coupled in parallel with said input port, the first switch means being caused to close at the beginning of each ON period and being caused to open at the end of each ON period, the first switch means when closed coupling energy present at the input port to the inductor and causing the energy storage and translation means to couple energy stored therein to said first magnetic storage means, the first switch means when opened causing the inductor to couple energy stored therein to the energy storage and translation means.

26. The circuit of claim 25 wherein the energy storage and voltage translation means comprises a capacitor coupled between said first and second intermediate nodes.

27. In an electrical power converter having an input port for receiving a first energy source, an output port, a first magnetic storage means, means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means in a plurality of consecutive cycles, each cycle comprising an ON period wherein energy is coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port and an OFF period wherein energy is not substantially coupled to the first magnetic storage means from the input port, and a rectifying device coupled to the first magnetic storage means for enabling the energy stored in the first magnetic storage means during each said ON period to be coupled to the output port during the subsequent OFF period, said rectifying device substantially blocking current flow during each ON period, a reversal circuit for reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device during a time interval just prior to the end of each OFF period, comprising:

a second energy source;

a second magnetic storage means;

a reversal switch means for coupling said second magnetic storage means to said second energy source during each OFF period, said reversal switch means closing in a time interval prior to the end of said OFF period such that a reversing current is caused to be generated in said second magnetic storage means; and

means for coupling said reversing current to the rectifying device, said reversing current reversing the direction of current flow in the rectifying device such that the conduction of current by the rectifying device is substantially reduced at the end of said OFF period; and

wherein the first magnetic storage means comprises a first winding coupled in series with said rectifying device at a first intermediate node, the series combination of said first winding and said rectifying device being coupled in parallel with said output port, and wherein the converter'"'"'s means for periodically coupling energy present at the input port to the first magnetic storage means comprises;

a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;

a first switch means coupled in series with the primary winding, said series combination being coupled between the converter'"'"'s input port, the first switch means being caused to close at the beginning of each ON period and being caused to open at the end of each ON period, the first switch means when closed coupling energy present at the input port to the secondary winding by way of the primary winding; and

a second rectifying device coupled in series with the secondary winding, said series combination being coupled to the first intermediate node, said second rectifying device for enabling energy from the secondary winding to be coupled to the first intermediate node during each ON period.