Flexible thermal transfer apparatus for cooling electronic components

• US 5,411,077 A
• Filed: 04/11/1994
• Issued: 05/02/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 04/11/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co (3M Company)
• Original Assignee: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co (3M Company)
• Inventors: Tousignant, Lew A.
• Primary Examiner(s): CHAMBERS, A MICHAEL
• Application Number:
  US08/226,272
• Time in Patent Office: 386 Days
• Field of Search: 165/46, 165/104.33
• US Class Current: 165/104.33
• CPC Class Codes: F28D 15/02 in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes heat pipes used in solar heat collectors F24S10/95; in radiators F28D1/0226; in nuclear reactors G21C15/257
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 23/427 Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes by liquefied gas H01L23/445
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00

Abstract

A thermal transfer apparatus adapted for thermal connection to a heat source for conducting heat away from the heat source. The thermal transfer apparatus includes a container which is substantially impermeable to fluid and forms an expandable compartment that is substantially gas-free. A thermal transfer liquid is positioned within the expandable compartment for thermal connection to the heat source. The thermal transfer liquid has a boiling point that is at or below an operating temperature of the heat source. When the heat source is in a non-operating state, the thermal transfer liquid is compressed and substantially fills the expandable compartment. When the heat source is in an operating state, the thermal transfer liquid conducts heat from the heat source. The liquid vaporizes and forms a vapor within the expandable compartment which causes the expandable compartment to expand and create a vapor space above the liquid. A condenser condenses the vapor into a condensate at a location remote from the heat source. The condensate then returns to the body of liquid for additional cooling of the heat source.

Claims

1. A two-phase thermal transfer apparatus adapted for thermal connection to a heat source, the thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

a flexible bag which is substantially impermeable to fluid and has at least one compartment that is expandable between a first volume and a second volume;

a thermal transfer liquid which is thermally connected to the heat source and is positioned within the flexible bag; and

a rigid condenser which is sealably attached to the flexible bag, has a high thermal conductivity, has an extended condensing surface positioned within the flexible bag and has an extended heat dissipating surface positioned external to the flexible bag.

2. A thermal transfer apparatus for conducting heat away from a heat source having an operating state and a non-operating state, with the heat source having an operating temperature when in the operating state, the thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

a container which is substantially impermeable to fluid and forms at least one expandable compartment;

a thermally conductive liquid which is positioned within the expandable compartment and is thermally connected to the heat source, wherein the liquid has a boiling point that is at or below the operating temperature of the heat source such that the liquid is compressed when the heat source is in the non-operating state and the liquid is saturated and forms a vapor as portions of the liquid vaporize when the heat source is in the operating state; and

a condenser which is thermally connected to the vapor, has a high thermal conductivity and has an extended heat dissipating surface positioned external to the expandable compartment.

3. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the container comprises a flexible bag made of a multi-layer, heat-sealable, thermoplastic film.

4. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the expandable compartment comprises at least one flexible surface which allows expansion and contraction of the expandable compartment.

5. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the expandable compartment is expandable and contractible between a first volume and a second volume in response to changes in heat conducted from the heat source such that the expandable compartment maintains the liquid at approximately ambient pressure substantially independent of changes in heat conducted from the heat source.

6. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the liquid comprises a fluorochemical liquid.

7. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising:

a thermal via extending through an aperture in the container and sealably connected to the container, the thermal via having a first portion which is positioned external to the container for thermal connection to the heat source and having a second portion which is positioned internal to the container and is submerged in the liquid for thermal communication with the liquid.

8. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising:

power and communication leads connected to the heat source and extending from the heat source through an aperture in the container, with the aperture being sealed about the power and communication leads; and

wherein the heat source is positioned within the container and is submerged in the liquid.

9. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2

wherein the condenser is attached to and in thermal communication with the container.

10. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the condenser is positioned external to the container and is coupled to the container such that the condenser is in communication with the vapor.

11. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising:

a vapor reflux zone which is located within the expandable compartment; and

wherein the condenser comprises an interior condensing surface which is located at least partially within the vapor reflux zone.

12. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising:

a vapor reflux zone which is located within the expandable compartment; and

wherein the condenser extends through an aperture in the container and is sealably connected to the container, the condenser having a condensing surface which is positioned at least partially within the vapor reflux zone and at least partially above the liquid wherein the condensing surface is thermally connected to the heat dissipating surface.

13. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 12 wherein the condensing surface comprises a plurality of fins which provide an extended condensing surface.

14. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 12 wherein the condensing surface is positioned within the expandable compartment such that the condensing surface becomes increasingly exposed to the vapor as the heat conducted from the heat source increases and causes the vapor reflux zone to expand.

15. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising a wick extending between the condenser and the liquid.

16. The thermal transfer apparatus of claim 2 wherein the extended heat dissipating surface comprises a plurality of fins.

17. A two-phase thermal transfer apparatus adapted for thermal connection to a heat source which has an operating state and a non-operating state, with the heat source having an operating temperature when in the operating state, the thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

a flexible bag which is substantially impermeable to fluid and has at least one compartment that is expandable between a first volume and a second volume;

a thermal transfer liquid which is thermally connected to the heat source and has a boiling point that is at or below the operating temperature of the heat source, wherein the thermal transfer liquid is compressed and substantially fills the first volume when the heat source is in the non-operating state and wherein the thermal transfer liquid is saturated and forms a vapor when the heat source is in the operating state; and

a rigid condenser which is thermally connected to the vapor, has a high thermal conductivity and has an extended heat dissipating surface positioned external to the compartment.

18. The two-phase thermal transfer apparatus of claim 17 and further comprising:

a thermal via extending through an aperture in the flexible bag and sealably connected to the flexible bag, the thermal via having a first portion which is positioned external to the flexible bag for thermal connection to the heat source and having a second portion which is positioned internal to the flexible bag and is submerged in the thermal transfer liquid for thermal communication with the thermal transfer liquid.

19. The two-phase thermal transfer apparatus of claim 17 and further comprising:

power and communication leads connected to the heat source and extending from the heat source through an aperture in the flexible bag, with the aperture being sealed about the power and communication leads; and

wherein the heat source is positioned within the flexible bag and is submerged in the thermal transfer liquid.

20. The two-phase thermal transfer apparatus of claim 17 wherein the condenser is positioned external to the flexible bag and is coupled to the flexible bag such that the condenser is in communication with the vapor.

21. The two-phase thermal transfer apparatus of claim 17 and further comprising:

a vapor reflux zone which is located within the expandable compartment; and

wherein the condenser extends through an aperture in the flexible bag and is sealably connected to the flexible bag, the condenser having a condensing surface which is positioned at least partially within the vapor reflux zone and at least partially above the thermal transfer liquid, wherein the condensing surface is thermally connected to the heat dissipating surface.

22. The two-phase thermal transfer apparatus of claim 17 and further comprising a wick extending between the condenser and the thermal transfer liquid.

23. A two-phase thermal transfer apparatus adapted to conduct heat away from a heat source which has an operating state and a non-operating state, the thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

a container which is substantially impermeable to fluid and forms at least one expandable compartment which is expandable and contractible between a first volume and a second volume in response to heat flux from the heat source to maintain an internal pressure within the expandable compartment at substantially ambient pressure;

a thermally conductive liquid which is positioned within the expandable compartment and is thermally connected to the heat source, wherein the liquid has chemical properties that are selected such that;

when the heat source is in the non-operating state, the expandable compartment has the first volume and the liquid is compressed and substantially fills the first volume; and

when the heat source is in the operating state, the liquid saturates and portions of the liquid vaporize forming a vapor which causes the expandable compartment to expand from the first volume toward the second volume and create a vapor space located above the liquid within the expandable compartment; and

a condenser which is thermally connected to the vapor, has a high thermal conductivity, and has an extended heat dissipating surface.

24. A thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

an electronic device to be maintained in an operating and a non-operating state, wherein the electronic device has an operating temperature when the electronic device is in the operating state;

a flexible thermal transfer bag which is substantially impermeable to fluid and forms at least one expandable compartment which is expandable and contractible between a first volume and a second volume;

a two-phase thermal transfer liquid which is positioned within the expandable compartment and is thermally connected to the electronic device, wherein the liquid has a boiling point that is at or below the operating temperature of the electronic device such that when the electronic device is in the non-operating state, the liquid is compressed and substantially fills the first volume and when the electronic device is in the operating state, the liquid saturates and portions of the liquid vaporize forming a vapor which causes the expandable compartment to expand from the first volume toward the second volume and create a vapor space located above the liquid within the expandable compartment; and

a condenser which is attached to the flexible bag, is thermally connected to the vapor and has an extended heat dissipating surface positioned external to the expandable compartment.

25. A two-phase thermal transfer apparatus adapted for thermal connection to a heat source which has an operating state and a non-operating state, with the heat source having an operating temperature when in the operating state, the thermal transfer apparatus comprising:

a thermal transfer liquid which is thermally connected to the heat source and has a boiling point that is at or below the operating temperature of the heat source;

container means which is expandable between a first volume and a second volume for holding the thermal transfer liquid at ambient pressure, for maintaining the thermal transfer liquid in a compressed state when the heat source is in the non-operating state, and for maintaining the thermal transfer liquid in a saturated state when the heat source is in the operating state such that portions of the thermal transfer liquid vaporize and form a vapor which causes the container to expand from the first volume toward the second volume;

means for condensing the vapor into a condensate at a location remote from the heat source; and

means for dissipating heat, which is thermally connected to the means for condensing and which has a rigid, extended heat dissipating surface for dissipating heat at a rate sufficient to maintain the thermal transfer liquid at ambient pressure and the container means at a minimum volume between the first volume and the second volume.