Method for coloring a polygon on a video display

• US 5,415,549 A
• Filed: 03/21/1991
• Issued: 05/16/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 03/21/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Warner Bros Entertainment Incorporated (Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Atari Incorporated (Infogrames Entertainment SA)
• Inventors: Logg, G. Edward
• Primary Examiner(s): Apley, Richard J.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Cheng, Joe H.
• Application Number:
  US07/673,633
• Time in Patent Office: 1,517 Days
• Field of Search: 434/33, 434/38, 434/43, 434/84, 434/85, 434/98, 434/118, 434/307, 434/365, 364/578, 273/434, 273/437, 273/DIG. 28, 395/131, 395/132, 395/152, 395/154, 345/113, 345/150, 345/199, 345/186, 348/122
• US Class Current: 434/38
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/422 automatically for the purpose of assisting the player, e.g. automatic braking in a driving game
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/52 involving aspects of the displayed game scene
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/525 Changing parameters of virtual cameras
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/5255 according to dedicated instructions from a player, e.g. using a secondary joystick to rotate the camera around a player's character
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/53 involving additional visual information provided to the game scene, e.g. by overlay to simulate a head-up display [HUD] or displaying a laser sight in a shooting game
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/577 using determination of contact between game characters or objects, e.g. to avoid collision between virtual racing cars
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 13/803 Driving vehicles or craft, e.g. cars, airplanes, ships, robots or tanks
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/303 for displaying additional data, e.g. simulating a Head Up Display
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/6054 by generating automatically game commands to assist the player, e.g. automatic braking in a driving game
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/64 for computing dynamical parameters of game objects, e.g. motion determination or computation of frictional forces for a virtual car
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/643 by determining the impact between objects, e.g. collision detection
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/66 for rendering three dimensional images
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/6646 for the computation and display of the shadow of an object or character
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/6661 for changing the position of the virtual camera
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/6676 by dedicated player input
• CPC Class Codes: A63F 2300/8017 Driving on land or water; Flying
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 15/20 Perspective computation
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/003 for military purposes and tactics
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/302 the image being transformed by computer processing, e.g. updating the image to correspond to the changing point of view
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/46 the aircraft being a helicopter

Abstract

A helicopter flight simulator having improvements in visual cues and modeling. The unique visual cues include terrain following shadows and hazing, the latter approximating a set of atmospheric conditions. The unique modeling features include a user selectable zoom, horizontal and vertical ground avoidance, and an autorotation model.

Claims

1. A method of coloring a polygon for simulating atmospheric conditions in a system having a processor, a memory, an input device, and a display device, comprising the steps of:

selecting an atmospheric condition;

selecting characteristics corresponding to the selected atmospheric condition;

selecting at least one polygon to be displayed in response to the input device;

selecting a minimum dimming distance (dimval) which is the minimum distance that an observer must be from the selected polygon before the display of the polygon is affected by the atmospheric condition;

selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and with an angle with a light source;

storing the color palette in the memory;

selecting characteristics of a plurality of light sources in a simulated universe;

producing values (A) representative of the relationship between the selected characteristics of the light sources and the normal to the polygon;

selecting a point on the polygon;

calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

comparing the distance (Z) to the minimum dimming distance (dimval);

modifying the values (A) by a function of the dimming distance (dimval) and a selected one of the characteristics of the atmospheric condition if the distance (Z) is greater than the dimming distance (dimval);

producing an index in response to the modified values;

selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the memory in response to the index;

modifying the selected polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

displaying the polygon on the display device using the selected color.

2. A method of coloring a polygon for simulating atmospheric conditions in a system having a processor, a memory, an input device, and a display device, comprising the steps of:

(a) selecting characteristics corresponding to a selected atmospheric condition;

(b) selecting at least one polygon to be displayed in response to the input device;

(c) selecting a minimum dimming distance (dimval) which is the minimum distance that an observer must be from the selected polygon before the display of the polygon is affected by the atmospheric condition;

(d) selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and with an angle with a light source;

(e) storing the color palette in the memory;

(f) selecting characteristics of a plurality of light sources in a simulated universe;

(g) producing values (A) representative of the relationship between the selected characteristics of the light sources and the normal to the polygon;

(h) selecting a point on the polygon;

(i) calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

(j) comparing the distance (Z) to the minimum dimming distance (dimval) and proceeding to step (1) if the distance (Z) is less than the minimum dimming distance (dimval);

(k) modifying the values (A) by a function of the dimming distance (dimval) and a selected one of the characteristics of the atmospheric condition;

(l) producing an index in response to the values (A);

(m) selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the memory in response to the index;

(n) modifying the selected polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

(o) displaying the polygon on the display device using the selected color.

3. A computer-based method of coloring a polygon for simulating atmospheric conditions in a user-interactive, simulated universe wherein the polygon is displayed on a display device, comprising the steps of:

(a) selecting characteristics corresponding to a selected atmospheric condition;

(b) selecting at least one polygon in the universe in response to a user input;

(c) selecting a minimum dimming distance (dimval) which is the minimum distance that an observer must be from the selected polygon before the observer'"'"'s view of the polygon is affected by the atmospheric condition;

(d) selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance between the polygon and the observer and with an angle with a light source;

(e) selecting characteristics of a plurality of light source vectors in the simulated universe;

(f) producing values (A) representative of the relationship between the selected characteristics of the light sources and the normal to the polygon;

(g) selecting a point on the polygon;

(h) calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

(i) comparing the distance (Z) to the minimum dimming distance (dimval) and proceeding to step (k) if the distance (Z) is less than the minimum dimming distance (dimval);

(j) modifying the values (A) by a function of the dimming distance (dimval) and a selected one of the characteristics of the atmospheric condition;

(k) producing an index in response to the values (A);

(l) selecting a color from the color palette in response to the index produced;

(m) modifying the selected polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

(n) displaying the polygon on the display device using the selected color.

4. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the selected characteristics of the atmospheric condition are the type and thickness of haze in the simulated universe.

5. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the selected characteristics of the light source vectors are the positions, directions, and intensities of the light source vectors.

6. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the relationship between the light sources and the normal to the polygon is determined in step (f) by calculating a set of dot products between the light source vectors and the normal to the polygon, summing the dot products, and adding a translation factor.

7. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the point selected in step (g) is the point on the polygon which is most distant from the observer.

8. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the modifying step of step (j) is performed by multiplying the values (A) by:

(1--) wherein C is a constant and (kval) is a preselected value which determines the speed at which colors are changed due to the effects of the atmospheric condition.

9. The method defined by claim 3, wherein the index produced in step (k) is calculated as a function of the number of colors within the selected color palette.

10. A computer-based method of coloring a polygon in a user-interactive system, comprising the steps of:

selecting a simulated universe from a plurality of simulated universes in response to a user input, wherein each simulated universe has a type and a thickness of haze;

selecting a dimming distance value (dimval) and a color change velocity value (kval) corresponding to the thickness and the type of haze positioned between an observer and the polygon;

selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and angle with a light source;

storing the color palette in a memory of the system;

selecting the positions, directions and intensities of a plurality of light source vectors in the simulated universe;

calculating a set of dot products between the light source vectors and the normal to the polygon;

summing the dot products and adding a translation factor so as to produce a range of positive values (A);

selecting a point on the polygon;

calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

comparing the distance (Z) to the dimming distance value (dimval);

offsetting the range (A) by a function of the dimming distance value (dimval) and the color change velocity value (kval) if distance (Z) is greater than the dimming distance value (dimval);

dividing the range (A) by the number of selected colors in the color palette, thereby producing a color palette index number;

selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the color palette memory in response to the color palette index number;

modifying the polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

drawing the polygon on a video display using the selected color.

11. The method of coloring defined in claim 10, additionally comprising the step of initially setting the directions of the light source vectors to equal the directions of observer vectors.

12. A computer-based method of coloring a polygon for a hazing effect in a user-interactive system, comprising the steps of:

selecting a simulated universe from a plurality of simulated universes in response to a user input, wherein each simulated universe has a type and a thickness of haze;

selecting a dimming distance value (dimval) and a color change velocity value (kval) corresponding to the thickness and the type of haze positioned between an observer and the polygon;

selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and angle with a light source;

storing the color palette in a memory of the system;

selecting characteristics of a plurality of light sources in the simulated universe;

producing a range of values representative of the relationship between the characteristics of the light sources and the normal to the polygon;

selecting a point on the polygon;

calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

comparing the distance (Z) to the dimming distance (dimval);

modifying the range of values by a function of the dimming distance value (dimval) and the color change velocity value (kval) if the distance (Z) is greater than the dimming distance value (dimval);

producing an index in response to the modified values;

selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the memory according to the index;

modifying the polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

drawing the polygon using the selected color.

13. A computer-based method of coloring a polygon for simulating atmospheric conditions in a simulated universe, wherein at least a portion of the simulated universe is displayed on a display device of a user-interactive system, comprising the steps of:

(a) selecting a portion of the universe to be displayed in response to at least one user input, wherein the universe has a type and a thickness of haze, and wherein the selected universe portion comprises a plurality of polygons;

(b) selecting one of the polygons;

(c) selecting a dimming distance value (dimval) and a color change velocity value (kval) corresponding to the thickness and the type of haze positioned between an observer and the polygon;

(d) selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and angle with a light source;

(e) storing the color palette in a memory of the system;

(f) selecting characteristics of a plurality of light source vectors in the simulated universe;

(g) producing a range of values representative of the relationship between the light source vectors and the normal to the polygon;

(h) selecting a point on the polygon;

(i) calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

(j) comparing the distance (Z) to the dimming distance (dimval) and proceeding to step (l) if the distance (Z) is less than the dimming distance (dimval);

(k) modifying the range of values by a function of the dimming distance value (dimval) and the color change velocity value (kval);

(l) producing an index in response to the modified values;

(m) selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the memory according to the index;

modifying the polygon in response to the selected color to represent a hazed condition; and

(n) drawing the polygon using the selected color.

14. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the modifying step of step (k) is performed by multiplying the range of values by:

(1--), wherein C is a constant.

15. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the memory is a look-up table memory.

16. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the selected characteristics are the positions, directions, and intensities of the light source vectors.

17. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the range of values produced in step (g) is determined by calculating a set of dot products between the light source vectors and the normal to the polygon, summing the dot products, and adding a translation factor.

18. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the index produced in step (l) is calculated as a function of the number of colors within the selected color palette.

19. The method defined by claim 13, wherein the address used in step (m) is produced by adding the index to a base address for the memory.

20. A method of coloring a polygon, comprising the steps of:

selecting a color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and angle with a light source;

storing the color palette in a memory;

selecting characteristics of a plurality of light sources in a computer generated universe;

producing a range of values representative of the relationship between the characteristics of the light sources and the normal to the polygon;

selecting a color from the color palette by addressing the color palette memory in response to the produced range;

modifying the polygon in response to the selected color; and

drawing the polygon on a video display using the selected color.

21. A computer-based method of coloring a polygon for simulating atmospheric conditions in a simulated universe, wherein at least a portion of the simulated universe is displayed on a display device of a user-interactive system, comprising the steps of:

providing a plurality of light sources in the universe;

selecting a portion of the universe to be displayed in response to at least one user input, wherein the selected universe portion comprises a plurality of polygons;

selecting one of the polygons;

selecting an atmospheric condition;

selecting a color from a color palette, said color representative of the effect that the selected atmospheric condition produces upon the one polygon;

modifying the polygon in response to the selected color so as to represent the selected atmospheric condition; and

displaying the modified polygon on the display device using the selected color.

22. The method defined in claim 21, wherein the selecting a color step comprises the steps of:

selecting a dimming distance value (dimval) and a color change velocity value (kval) corresponding to the thickness and type of the atmospheric condition positioned between an observer and the one polygon;

selecting the color palette for the polygon wherein each color of the palette is associated with a different distance from the polygon and angle with a light source;

storing the color palette in a memory in the system;

selecting the positions, directions and intensities of a plurality of light source vectors in the simulated universe;

calculating a set of dot products between the light source vectors and the normal to the polygon;

summing the dot products and adding a translation factor so as to produce a range of positive values (A);

selecting a point on the polygon;

calculating the distance (Z) between the observer and the selected point;

comparing the distance (Z) to the dimming distance value (dimval);

offsetting the range (A) by a function of the dimming distance value (dimval) and the color change velocity value (kval) if distance (Z) is greater than the dimming distance value (dimval);

dividing the range (A) by the number of selected colors in the color palette, thereby producing a color palette index number; and

addressing the color palette memory in response to the color palette index number.