Microbar sensor

• US 5,445,008 A
• Filed: 03/24/1994
• Issued: 08/29/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 03/24/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.
• Inventors: Wachter, Eric A., Thundat, Thomas G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Williams, Hezron E.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Brock, Michael J.
• Application Number:
  US08/217,411
• Time in Patent Office: 523 Days
• Field of Search: 422/83, 422/88, 310/312, 310/321, 310/330, 310/331, 73/24.01, 73/24.06, 73/31.05, 73/31.01, 73/31.03
• US Class Current: 73/24.06
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 35/00 Methods or apparatus for measurement or analysis of nanostructures
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0257 with a layer containing at least one organic compound
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/036 by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves

Abstract

A mass microsensor is fabricated with a microcantilever oscillated by a piezoelectric transducer. A chemical coating having absorptive or adsorptive affinity for a specifically targeted chemical or compound is applied to the microcantilever for oscillation in the monitored atmosphere. Molecules of the targeted chemical attach to the microcantilever coating resulting in an oscillating mass increase which influences the resonant frequency of the microcantilever oscillation. The rate at which the coated microcantilever accumulates the target chemical is functional of the target chemical concentration. Consequently, the extent of microcantilever oscillation frequency change is related to the concentration of the target chemical within the monitored atmosphere. Such oscillation frequency changes are detected by a center-crossing photodiode which responds to a laser diode beam reflected from the microcantilever surface resulting in an output frequency from the photodiode that is synchronous with the microcantilever frequency.

Claims

1. An apparatus for detecting the presence of a predetermined vapor phase chemical in a monitored atmosphere comprising:

a piezoelectric transducer having a least one cantilevered spring element secured thereto, said spring element having an area thereof coated with a chemical having an affinity for said predetermined vapor phase chemical;

oscillator means for stimulating said transducer at or about a resonant vibrational frequency of said cantilevered spring element; and

,

vibration detection means comprising photo-detection means for emitting a signal in synchronization with said spring element vibration for measuring a vibrational frequency change in said spring element due to a change in the vibrated mass of said spring element.

2. An apparatus as described by claim 1 wherein said vibration detection means comprises a laser diode for emitting a laser beam and a photodiode for detecting, said laser beam, said laser diode being disposed to emit said laser beam against said vibrating spring element.

3. An apparatus as described by claim 2 wherein said photodiode is disposed for detecting a reflection of said laser beam from said spring element and emitting signals corresponding to the vibrational frequency of said spring element.

4. An apparatus as described by claim 1 wherein said vibration detection means comprises a first counting circuit for measuring the transducer stimulation frequency of said oscillator means, a second counting circuit for measuring said spring element vibrational frequency and a differentiating circuit for determining a frequency differential between said stimulation frequency and said spring element vibrational frequency.

5. An apparatus for detecting the presence of a predetermined vapor phase chemical in a monitored atmosphere comprising:

a piezoelectric transducer having at least one cantilevered spring element secured thereto, said spring element having an area portion along substantially the entire length thereof coated with a chemical having an affinity for said predetermined vapor phase chemical;

oscillator means for stimulating said transducer at or about the resonant vibrational frequency of said cantilevered spring element; and

,

vibration detection means for measuring a vibrational frequency change in said spring element due to a change in the vibrated mass of said spring element.

6. A method for detecting the presence of a predetermined vapor phase chemical in a monitored atmosphere comprising the steps of:

fabricating a cantilever spring element having a structural base secured to a piezoelectric transducer;

coating a surface portion of said spring element along substantially the entire length thereof with a chemical having an affinity for said predetermined vapor phase chemical;

electrically driving said transducer at or near a resonance frequency of said spring element.

exposing said coated and driven cantilever spring element to a monitored atmosphere,

measuring a vibrational frequency change of said cantilever spring element over a predetermined time period in said monitored atmosphere; and

relating said vibrational frequency change to a concentration value of said predetermined vapor phase chemical in said monitored atmosphere.

7. A method as described by claim 6 wherein a first signal that is proportional to the vibrational frequency of said spring element is generated by the reflection of a laser beam from the surface of said spring element.

8. A method as described by claim 7 wherein said first signal is generated by a photodiode in response to a cyclic stimulation from said reflected laser beam.

9. A method as described by claim 8 wherein said laser beam is generated by a laser diode.

10. A method as described by claim 9 wherein a second signal is generated that is proportional to the driving frequency of said transducer.

11. A method as described by claim 10 wherein said first and second signals are compared to generate a differential signal proportional to the frequency difference between first and second signal.

12. A method as described by claim 11 wherein said differential signal is related to a known mass accumulation of said predetermined vapor phase chemical on said chemically coated portion of said spring element.

13. A method as described by claim 7 wherein said transducer vibrates a plurality of spring elements.

14. A method as described by claim 13 wherein each of said plurality of spring elements is provided with a distinctive chemical coating having affinity for a respectively distinctive vapor phase chemical.

15. A method as described by claim 14 wherein the vibrational frequency of each of said plurality of spring elements is independently measured.

16. A method as described by claim 15 wherein first signals proportional to each of said independent frequency measurements are directed to a microprocessor for preprogrammed pattern recognition analysis.

17. An apparatus for detecting the presence of a predetermined vapor phase chemical in a monitored atmosphere comprising:

a piezoelectric transducer having a plurality of cantilevered spring elements secured thereto, each of said spring elements having substantially the same resonant vibrational frequency and a respective area thereof coated with a chemical having an affinity for a predetermined vapor phase chemical;

oscillator means for stimulating said transducer at or about the resonant vibrational frequency of said cantilevered spring elements

vibration detection means for measuring a vibrational frequency change respective to each of said plurality of spring elements due to a change in the vibrated mass respective to each spring element.

18. An apparatus as described by claim 17 wherein said vibration detection means comprises means respective to each of said spring elements for emitting a signal in synchronization with said respective spring element vibration.

19. An apparatus as described by claim 17 wherein said vibration detection means comprises a laser diode for emitting a laser beam and a photodiode for detecting said laser beam, said laser beam diode being disposed to emit said laser beam against said vibrating spring element.

20. An apparatus as described by claim 19 wherein said photodiode is disposed for detecting a reflection of said laser beam from said spring element and emitting signal corresponding to the vibrational frequency of said spring element.